The French Indian War And The American Colonization Of...

Starting with Columbus in 1492, European countries (Spain, England, France, and Netherlands) began colonizing the New World in search of greater economic opportunity. As a result of the Columbian Exchange, a wide variety of animals, plants, and culture were traded between the New and Old Worlds, but causing widespread sickness among the Native American population. The English asserted their own presence in the New World by creating colonies stretching up and down the eastern coast of North America. However, mostly due to issues and events in Europe, the British left the colonists to their own devices (salutary neglect) and they prospered until the French-Indian War (1754-1763). The spirit of independence cultivated in the American colonists during the past era was challenged by the heightened British presence after the French-Indian War. The colonists increasingly resented the high tariffs placed to eliminate British debt and the colonists protested the British until open rebellion was sparked at Lexington and Concord. The Revolutionary War started in 1775, when a small number of colonists, at first, directly challenged the British presence in North America. This started a war which lasted 8 years, surprisingly ending in victory for the Americans, thanks to the leadership of George Washington and the assisting French forces. Shortly after the nation was established and the first president, George Washington, was inaugurated, the nation faced a domestic crisis. In huge debtShow MoreRelatedEssay Early European Exploration1055 Words   |  5 Pagesshores of what would later become North America more than 500 years ago. Not long after the first explorers had entered the New World they found out that they were not alone on this new frontier. Their neighbors in this new land were the Native Americans who had been there for centuries, virtually unaware of life outside the continent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlers and the North American Indians. Two nations who had particularly interestingRead MoreEssay about Native American In Colonial America1167 Words   |  5 Pagesa faster water route to Asia. Along the way, Europeans explorers discovered a whole new continent, America. Thinking that he was in India, Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor, called the indigenous Native Americans he met â€Å"Indians,† a misnomer that is still used frequently even up to this day. Europeans soon shifted their attention away from the water route to Asia but toward the colonization of the New World. With a desire to have a new life different from that of the Old World, many EuropeansRead MoreThe Causes And Effect Of The French And Indian War1146 Words   |  5 Pages 7 Years of War â€Å"French and Indian war† What were the causes and effect of the war? Ana Rodriguez 6th period 03/10/15 What were the causes and effect of the French and Indian war? â€Å"The last and most destructive of the four Anglo-French Colonial wars, was the French and Indian war.† Took place on 1754-1763, and together with its European counterpart, the seven years war. Start with England declaring war on France, and ending with the Treaty ofRead MoreThe French And Indian War1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe French and India war was a war that took place in today’s Pittsburgh. The war was both caused by the English and French. The English and the French both felt that they were entitled to land and each was to willing to fight and they were also, willing to go into war so they could prove that they owned the land. 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From the beginning of colonization, in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, to the establishment of the first American colony, Jamestown in 1607, and to the creation of the thirteen colonies, there have been countless examples of exploration, encounter and exchange. The exploration of vast waters and unchartere d territory led to new and undiscovered land and America being colonizedRead MoreThe Colonization Of Native Americans1377 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst people set foot in the Americas, and it is not until 1492 that the â€Å"first people† make their way as well. The Europeans walked in and saw the Natives as the wildlife of the region and considered themselves the founders, and the Native Americans were heavily influenced and conflicted with the tidal wave of European colonization. Following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, colonization of Native American territory began. Afterwards, life for Native Americans became rather harsh, and genocideRead MoreThe Control of England in North America and Demise of the Spanish Power in the Atlantic1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Control of England in North America and Demise of the Spanish Power in the Atlantic The year 1942 marked a division in the contemporary world history. There were a number of developments that would bring enormous effects for the Old and the New World Wars. 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Even in the twenty first century North America, the United States and Canada in particular, is viewed as a bountiful land with rich resources and numerous civil liberties that have inspired differentRead MoreAspects Of The English ( Anglo American ) And Spanish Societies Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesof the English ( Anglo-American) Spanish societies that arose in the Americas prior to 1790 Introduction The Europeans have contributed much to United States development from time immemorial. The north of America was colonized by Europeans. Their culture, social ideas, and language were common to those of North American. Consequently, European influence pre dominated their territories situated on the North despite losing their control politically. Civilization in America began between fifteen to

After A Long Seven-Hour Day, Have You Ever Noticed A...

After a long seven-hour day, have you ever noticed a kindergartner who seems extremely exhausted? Their brains have been powered on all day and haven’t had the time to fully recharge. Are they sleep deprived, we wonder? Therefore, while researching many sources, a study was found which focused on four and five-year-old’s memory following a nap. According to Kurdziela, Duclosb, Spencer (2013), study results demonstrated that children had better memory recall following a nap than when they had been kept awake. Therefore, the study concluded that children functioned better when they received a nap during the day. Young children between the ages of five and six benefit emotionally, cognitively, socially, and physically after brief rest†¦show more content†¦Choice of Topic In 2012, my son attended Kindergarten; the school day started at 8:30 a.m. and school dismissed at 3:15 p.m. At pick up time, he displayed a tired look from his face and his body posture indicated that he was very tired. However, I understood why he was tired. He had attended school for seven hours and did not receive a nap or time to relax his brain. Although he did not receive a nap during the school day, he managed to get a nap before bedtime. Occasionally, the nap before bedtime caused other issues; he was not sleepy when it was time for bed. Therefore, on certain nights he did not receive more than 10 hours of sleep. The lack of sleep, my son suffered caused him to become moody throughout the day. Therefore, the mood swings lead to emotional and behavioral outbursts that lasted throughout the school day. However, I catered to his lack of sleep. At bedtime, he would say he was thirsty, so I would give him a glass of water. Five minutes later, he was back in the room with another excuse. Yet over the years, the excuse became more clever, but limitations had to be set. I searched many websites for answers on how to assist a Kindergartener who is transitioning from receiving a nap to receiving no nap at all. Research suggests I set an earlier bedtime, create a consistent wake up time and, if that did not work, my next step was

Native American Genocide Essay Thesis Example For Students

Native American Genocide Essay Thesis In this paper, I will argue that the act of genocide as here defined, has been committed by the United States of America, upon the tribes and cultures of Native Americans, through mass indoctrination of its youths. Primary support will be drawn from Jorge Noriegas work, American Indian Education in the United States. The paper will then culminate with my personal views on the subject, with ideas of if and how the United States might make reparations to its victims. In lieu of the well known and brutal Indian Wars, there is a means of cultural destruction of Native Americans, which began no later than 1611. This method was one of indoctrination. Methods included the forced removal of children from their cultural milieu and enrollment of these children in educational programs, which were intended to instill more European beliefs. As the United States was not formally a Nation, until 1776, it would not be fair to use evidence, before this year in building a case against it. The most damaging, to the United States, are parcels of evidence that are drawn from events after 1948, the year of the Convention on Genocide. Beginning in 1778, the United States Board of War, a product of the Continental Congress appropriated grants for the purpose of, the maintenance of Indian students at Dartmouth College and the College of New Jersey The young people who had returned from the schools are described by Seneca leader, Cornplanter as, ignorant of every means of living in the Woods, unable to bear either Cold or Hunger, they knew neither how to build a Cabin, take a Deer, or kill an Enemy, they spoke our Language imperfectly, were therefore neither fit for Hunters, Warriors, nor Counselors; they were totally good for nothing (Noriega, 376). Grants given to other schools was just the beginning. In 1820, the United States made plans for a large scale system of boarding and day schools Noriega, 377). These schools were given the mission to, instruct its students in letters, labor and mechanical arts, and morals and Christianity; training many Indian leaders' Noriega, 378). In the case of boarding schools, Native American children would be forcibly stripped from their homes as early as five years old. They would then live sequestered from their families and cultures until the age of seventeen or eighteen (Noriega, 381). In 1886, it was decided, by the United States federal government that Native American tribal groups would no longer be treated as indigenous national governments. The decision was made, not by the conjoint efforts of the Native American tribes and Congress; but, by the powers that be the United States Legal System. This self-ordained power allowed Congress to pass a variety of other laws, directed towards, a ssimilating, Native Americans, so that they would become a part of mainstream white America (Robbins, 90)By this time the United States Government, had been funding over a dozen distinct agencies, to provide mandatory education to all native children aged six through sixteen. Enrollment was enforced through leverage given by the 1887 General Allotment Act, which made Natives dependent on the Government for Annuities and Rations (Noriega, 382). The practice of indigenous religions by these students was prohibited (Noriega, 380). Students were compelled to undergo daily instruction in Christianity. In addition, only the use of English was accepted within these schools. The food was not sufficiiently nourishinghealth supervision was generally neglectedA sincere effort was made to develop the type of school that would destroy tribal ways (Noriega, 382). While being held captive at these schools, the students were forced to learn an idealism completely foreign to them. They would study h istories, which had no significance to there lives. The books talk to him the student of a world which in no way reminds him of his own, (Noriega, ). This is exactly how the students must have felt; as if they were in another world. To compound the torture, the students at these institutions were forced to work as maintainers and farmers in order provide for the continued existence of the very establishments, which were destroying them. The methods of forced labor were considered, by the educators to be a means of developing the native character, and as a way of financing further expansion of the system itself (Noriega, 379). The rigid military style enforced by the schools contributed to the assimilation of the Native Americans culture. The students began to not only think white but also to, work white (Noriega, 384). .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .postImageUrl , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:hover , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:visited , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:active { border:0!important; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:active , .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1 .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u823aa4e0c533100bdc9a956c7e6085f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Snakes EssayTo this point, I have provided enough evidence to make a hypocrite of the United States. However, it is my intent to prove that the United States has performed a criminal act under International law. I will do so by describing genocidal acts committed well after the time of the convention on genocide. The government was not satisfied with only educating the Native American youths, they wished to implant their victims as a virus, a medium through which to hurry along a calculated process of sociocultural decay (Noriega, 379). They turned their victims into witless traitors spreading their insipid ideas, and fracturing the cultural infrastructure. The apotheosis of this implantation project is clearly delineated in The Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act of 1975. In this act, the United States Government declared that educated Native Americans should be used to staff the various programs aimed at them by federal policy makers (Noriega, 356). These are the same programs which, the government has always viewed as the ideal vehicles by which to condition Native Americans to accept the values, and thus the domination of Euroamerica (Noriega, 387). Through the implementation of this act, nothing really changedthe curriculum taught in Indian schools remained exactly the same, reaching exactly the same conclusions, indoctrinating children with exactly the same values as when the schools were staffed entirely by white people (Noriega, 387). In this way, the government attempted to mask the face of evil with one of familiar physical origin. It is a classic story of a wolf in sheeps clothing.These violent acts have not ended, even with the convention on genocide. Indeed, the United States is guilty of committing a law, which it has promised to not only abide by, but also, to help enforce. Does this represent the Mainstream American Culture we so want to instill into the minds of Native Americans? We should begin taking a look at our own culture and worrying about its problems, before we start thinking about spreading it like a dreaded disease. The fact that Native Americans have arrived at this point with any of its culture left intact, is an astonishing feet in itself. It shows a character, which is ostensibly lacking, or at least not shown, within the European and American cultures. Perhaps the United States should be more the pupil than the pedagogue.

The Conflict between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Uppsala Model of International Expansion

Introduction Entrepreneurship can be conceptualised as the entry into a new venture by an individual or a business. New entry refers to the process of entering into either a new or an existing market with new or pre- existing services and goods. In this regard, new entry tries to explain the processes and initiatives of entrepreneurship (Czinkota, Ronkainen, Sutton- Brady Beal, 2011: p. 45). New entry and entrepreneurship are concepts that are still being developed by many authors and researchers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Conflict between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Uppsala Model of International Expansion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is against this backdrop that the current essay is written. In this essay, the author is primarily concerned with entrepreneurial orientation (herein referred to as EO) and the Uppsala model of the internationalisation process. EO refers to the decision-making activities, practices, and process that give rise to new entries. EO is characterised by the desire for autonomy in business, innovativeness, aggressiveness, and risk taking (Saul, 2005: p. 67). Regardless of this, it is important to note that there are many successful enterprises which function on the basis of some of these traits. This essay aims to outline the conflict between entrepreneurial orientation and the Uppsala model of international expansion. It is the opinion and position of this author that the revised edition of the Uppsala model can be applied in large and small enterprises alike. Given the fact that the paper is argumentative in nature, the researcher will make a stand in the issue and then defend that stand throughout the paper. Terms will be clearly identified and justified using examples. To this end, the researcher will use information from several references such as books and articles. Opposing views will be acknowledged and the researcher will fully address them to check for their veracity or lack of it thereof. The Uppsala Model and the Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Critique It is noted that the Uppsala model was developed in 1977 from a publication by two scholars in this field. These scholars are Johanson and Vahlne. Since then, the perspective has undergone four revisions. The model was primarily based on the manner through which firms in Sweden were internationalising in the 1960s and 1970s (Steen Liesch, 2007: p. 12). This model suggests that business firms internationalise in an incremental fashion. They progressively commit themselves to an international market and increase their presence as they continue to understand the dynamics of their particular market niche. Initially, firms expand into new markets depending on the extent of similarities between the firm and the domestic markets (Bogun, 2008: p. 71). In their first publication, Johanson Vahlne (1977) pointed out that the level of commitment for firms that are interna tionalising for the first time is very low. This behaviour is evidenced by their use of agents and establishment of sales subsidiaries. They invest more of their resources into the venture as they continue to comprehend the market. The 1977 paper focused more on the different modes of entry (Birgegard Lindquist, 1996: p. 25).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, subsequent articles point out that the applicability of the model is not dependent on the various modes of entry (Onetti, Zucchella, Jones McDougall- Covin, 2012: p. 337). The model explains the decisions taken by the management with regard to risk taking and exploitation of opportunities on the basis of the firm’s level of commitment in the international market. Additionally, the model extensively outlines the impacts of learning processes and experiences on the decisions taken by the management to oper ate the firm. As already indicated, the model is used to explain the activities of firms that are expanding their scope from the local or domestic market and into the international arena. The model is closely related to the POM model which also tries to explain the activities of such firms (Basu Kronsjo, 2009: p. 34). According to this model, the internalisation process is a gradual one and follows a particular pattern. The firm may start by receiving and processing a few orders placed by clients from abroad. This is then followed by a gradual growth in the volume of the exports as the number of clients placing the orders grows. This model has however being fiercely criticised by practitioners in this field. The author will look into some of these criticisms in subsequent sections of the paper. The concepts depicted in the Uppsala model were drawn from findings of studies conducted on large industrial firms from Sweden which were in the process of internationalisation. This has led to conflicts among entrepreneurship scholars on whether the model can be sufficiently applied to smaller enterprises that are going global. Nonetheless, most of those criticising the model do not point out specific reasons for their concern. The business environment has also changed significantly from the time the model was formulated (Basu Kronsjo, 2009: p. 51). There are also increased impacts on business models as a result of technological innovations in the recent past. Additionally, production industries have been outgrown by service industries. Such environmental changes have challenged many internationalisation models and as a result, the models have to be updated on a regular basis. International business strategies and opportunities have been on the rise as globalisation continues to take root in contemporary society. Moreover the threats of remaining in the domestic market- even among the most diversified of firms- are also increasing (Hickman Olney, 2011: pp. 237-259). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Conflict between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Uppsala Model of International Expansion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of this, a firm will invest in another country when it finds out that it is faced with greater threats if it remains in the domestic market. Some of the factors that can make the home market quite hostile are increasing competition, low rates of market growth and poor economic environment (Saul, 2005: p. 69). However, Vahlne, Ivarsson Johanson (2011: p. 193) point out that the presupposition does not conflict with the model. This is given the fact that its foundation is not the main reason why companies choose one market over another. In contrast, the Uppsala model is founded on the operations and activities of a firm that has already decided to internationalise. According to the original model formulated by Johanson and Vahlne, firms enter i nto diverse markets in a systematic manner. The order of entry is determined by physical and psychic distance (Johanson Vahlne, 2009: p. 1420). Consequently, they start with those countries that are closer to the home country, proceed to the region and later to other nations abroad. Globalisation has made the world more accessible to most business firms operating in the international market. However, it is to be noted that the physical distance has not changed. As companies expand into different parts of the world and as people travel and work in other nations, they interact more with other cultures. Such an interaction has made the management of cultures to become an essential part of doing business abroad. The nursing of relationships among nations and global network participation have been made easier by convenient travelling and digitalisation. This means that in spite of the unchanged physical distances between two geographical locations in the world, people can move freely an d with much ease from one region to the other. Convenient travelling and digitalisation has culminated into other channels of distribution such as e- commerce that were non- existent in 1977 (Ninan Puck, 2010: p. 670). In this regard, the Uppsala model is assumed to overestimate the effects of psychic and physical distance when choosing which country to go to or the best mode of entry into a new market. In their 2006 edition of the model, Johanson and Vahlne acknowledged and appreciated this change. As a result of this, they adjusted their argument from psychic distance to the risk a firm is likely to face if it was not a part of an established network (Johanson Vahlne, 2006: p. 168). They posit that psychic distance is very important in determining the uncertainties that a firm is likely to face in a foreign market. However, they point out that the risk is significantly reduced if the firm joins a network of existing businesses in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When firms are using e- commerce to internationalise, they can have a very wide reach without using the Uppsala model’s incremental approach. In this regard, online transactions increase the speed of internationalisation. This leads to a significant reduction on the effects of distances- both psychic and physical. On the other hand, Figueira-de- Lemos, Johanson Vahlne (2011: p. 147) point out that the impacts of online commerce are in agreement with the model’s risk equation. This is on the basis of market uncertainty and commitment. They argue out that the level of commitment for firms which depend on the internet is quite low. Consequently, the firm can be involved in uncertain deals but still remain minimally exposed to total risk. With such an argument, the model is in agreement with e- commerce as we know it today. Today, the opportunities and threats that are presented by the process of globalisation affect firms of all sizes. Smaller firms with a large technolo gical capacity have the ability of reaching out to large markets. Small and Medium Enterprises (herein referred to as SMEs) use different internationalisation approaches. Additionally, Czinkota et al (2011: p. 51) point out that smaller firms are subjected to more pressures to go global than larger ones. Critics of the Uppsala model have come up with the ‘born- global’ concept. Firms that are born- global are those that begin offering their products and services in countries other than their home country as soon as they are formed (Fernà ¡ndez- Ortiz, Emeterio Menorca, 2012: p. 24). Such a phenomenon is quite difficult to explain while using some popular internationalisation theories. Johanson Vahlne (2009) responded to the criticism using the same argument of joining networks. They used the empirics of other researchers to portray the importance of inter- firm relationships and networks. The two scholars point out that as firms get more interconnected, they acquire more knowledge and are able to globalise at a faster pace. They also point out that the model does not infer that the process of globalisation is slow. On the contrary, the model acknowledges that firms require time to gather knowledge so as to reduce uncertainty (Johanson Vahlne, 2009: p. 1416). The manufacturing and service industries are very different from each other with respect to business character and organisation. In this regard, it is difficult to create services in one location and market them in a different target market. The exceptions include using telephone and internet services where the customer and service provider are in different geographical locations. Firms in these two divergent sectors do not use the same internationalisation approaches. The processes vary on the basis of type, reversibility and amount of resources required. For example, a company that is involved in service provision does not necessarily have to ensure that goods are transported in a certai n manner; neither does it have to invest in constructing factories. However, service providers have a larger need of fitting into the culture of the foreign country- such as through customs and language- than manufacturing companies (Dewhurst, Harris, Heywood Aquila, 2012: p. 76). The model is also criticised for being extremely deterministic and static. However, Johanson Vahlne (2009: p. 345) posit that the model is very dynamic. The two are of the view that their theorised model acknowledges the fact that firms are always changing the areas within which they are operating. They also address their critics’ assertion that the model is deterministic in nature. However, they define ‘causality’ by stating that the two factors influence each other as opposed to one determining the other. They add that there are other contributing factors in addition to commitment and experiential learning that influence the relationship. The fact that the model is accused of being extremely deterministic implies that it does not take into consideration managerial actions (Fernà ¡ndez- Ortiz, Emeterio Menorca, 2012: p. 89). Unlike their counterparts in the 60s and 70s, contemporary corporations have more flexible inter- firm structures and flatter hierarchies. In this regard, the management plays a crucial role in developing internationalisation strategies for firms. This is especially so for smaller enterprises which share such characteristics because of their size. Although Johanson and Vahlne agree on the importance of managers’ perceptions and opinions, they posit that managerial decisions are in most cases biased. The reason is that path dependency is a key source of bias when managers are settling for alternatives (Johanson Vahlne, 2006: p. 168). The learning concept of the Uppsala model has also attracted a great deal of criticism. The developers of the model outline that learning happens incrementally depending on the amount and speed of gain ing experience (Johanson Vahlne, 1977: p. 25). Nonetheless, there are quite a number of organisational learning dimensions. For instance, there are very many firms that learnt from their relationship with other firms but have effective internationalisation strategies. Learning can also be imitative. To this end, business firms copy what other successful corporations have done and as such, they gain experience. Other ways through which firms can learn without the need for experience include hiring experienced staff, local firm acquisition or conducting research (Fernà ¡ndez- Ortiz et al., 2011: p. 89). Although Johanson and Vahlne agree that the model needs some adjustments to factor in other sources of organisational learning, they have a word for critics. They point out that there is need for some level of experience for the firm to successfully determine or select another firm to acquire. The same applies when it comes to the selection of firms to imitate from or when it comes t o the hiring of members of staff. The two scholars also use the network approach to respond to critics. To this end, they point out that models are not formulated to exactly represent reality. On the contrary, the models are meant to explain reality’s most essential components. The model is very general and as such, it cannot be expected to provide a convincing explanation for the internationalisation process of all firms. However, accumulative and experiential learning is essential and fundamental. This is in spite of being complemented by additional processes of learning (Johanson Vahlne, 2009: p. 1429). The internationalisation stages that are captured in the model are also widely criticised. In their 2009 publication, the two authors point out that the model’s establishment chain simply summarises their empirical observations from which they drew their theoretical arguments (Johanson Vahlne, 2009: p. 1416). What they are trying to say here is that it does not con stitute the model. The model does not focus on the ways that different firms choose to internationalise their operations. This is regardless of the suggestion made to the effect that corporations commit themselves to the market incrementally. Furthermore, the two scholars note that the accumulation of knowledge and commitment management, are the mainstay of the model. The behaviour of firms depends on the environment within which they are operating and not on the internationalisation mechanism (Vahlne et al., 2011: p. 204). Scholars and analysts in this field are continuously updating their models so that they can be in line with the changing business environment. At times, the scholars may be accused of integrating theories whose premises are incompatible. In spite of the fact that the Uppsala model was formulated using empirics from established Swedish multinationals, there is evidence that it has been successfully used in explaining the internationalisation process in smaller fir ms. The major adjustment that the two authors have made on the model in order to enhance its applicability has to do with the integration of the network approach. In 2009, Johanson and Vahlne made the final adjustment in response to critics and in order to accommodate new theoretical and empirical findings (Vahlne et al, 2011: p. 200). Conclusion In conclusion, it should be noted that the Uppsala model can be applied to both small and large businesses. Network effects are more important than the role played by psychic distance in determining the applicability of the model. As long as a firm is in a network of other partners, the model’s obstacle brought about by psychic distance is overcome. Additionally, the management of a corporation determines how the firm will internationalise and also helps in bridging psychic distances. The Uppsala model may not be adequate to provide explanations for all complexities faced by international firms. However, the general perspective of th e model is also its greatest strength. It can be applied to many situations because its main focus is in explaining the essential elements of globalising firms. References Basu, D. R., Kronsjo, T. (2009). Economic models: Methods, theory and applications. New York: World Scientific. Birgegard, G., Lindquist, U. (1996). An intensive course in clinical skills: The Uppsala model. Medical Teacher, 18(1), 51. Bogun, L. A. (2008). Determinants of models of foreign entry: Duality in approaches. Journal of International Business Strategy, 8(2), 59-71. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Sutton-Brady, C., Beal, T. (2011). International marketing: Asia Pacific edition (2nd ed.). Sidney: Cengage Australia. Dewhurst, M., Harris, J., Heywood, S., Aquila, K. (2012). The global company’s challenge. Mckinsey Quarterly, 3, 76-80. Fernà ¡ndez-Ortiz, R., Emeterio, M., Menorca, L. (2011). Internationalisation of the companies of the wine-producing sector: Analysis the Uppsala model. Global Confer ence on Business Finance Proceedings, 6(2), 89. Fernà ¡ndez-Ortiz, R., Emeterio, M., Menorca, L. (2012). A quantitative measure of the gradualist approach to internationalization. Global Journal of Business Research (GJBR), 6(3), 23-35. Figueira-de-Lemos, F., Johanson, J., Vahlne, J. (2011). Risk management in the internationalization process of the firm: A note on the Uppsala model. Journal of World Business, 46(2), 143-153. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.008 Hickman, D. C., Olney, W. W. (2011). Globalization and investment in human capital. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 64(4), 654-672. Johanson, J., Vahlne, J. (2006). Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model. Management International Review (MIR), 46(2), 165-178. Johanson, J., Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm – A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitment. Journal of International Business Studies, 5 (8), 23-32. Johanson, J., Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1411-1431. Ninan, S., Puck, J. F. (2010). The internationalization of Austrian firms in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal for East European Management Studies, 15(3), 237-259. Onetti, A., Zucchella, A., Jones, M., McDougall-Covin, P. (2012). Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: Business models for new technology-based firms. Journal of Management Governance, 16(3), 337-368. doi:10.1007/s10997-010-9154-1 Saul, J. (2005). The Collapse of globalism and the reinvention of the world. Camberwell: Penguin Viking. Steen, J. T., Liesch, P. W. (2007). A note on Penrosean growth, resource bundles and the Uppsala model of internationalisation. Management International Review (MIR), 47(2), 193-206. Vahlne, J., Ivarsson, I ., Johanson, J. (2011). The tortuous road to globalization for Volvo’s heavy truck business: Extending the scope of the Uppsala model. International Business Review, 20(1), 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.05.003 This essay on The Conflict between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Uppsala Model of International Expansion was written and submitted by user Analia Benton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marketing Analysis of Burberry Essays

Marketing Analysis of Burberry Essays Marketing Analysis of Burberry Essay Marketing Analysis of Burberry Essay The buyer of the razor should be men aged 20-34 and should belong to pre-married ABA, CLC socio-economic groups. Strategy By targeting selected costumers and offering them particularly described product company should achieve chosen objectives. Ups mix Product Source: Presentation week 7 Product Attributes Barberrys new razor should have very high quality blades made from expensive material for long lasting performance. Core product should also have at least four blades since most of the razors in todays market have from 3 to 5 blade system. There should be lubricating layer with vitamin e and aloe (for more comfortable shave). Products handle should consist of unique the Barberry check mixed with stainless steel or some other luxury looking material. Another important thing is boxing, it should attract people attention with its color shape and material. Benefits This product should satisfy its buyer with extremely fashionable and unique design, comfortably fit the contours of the hand, providing a smooth, firm grip and superior shaving results. Values The main companies values traditions, uniqueness, style and luxury should be seen in this new Barberrys razor. Positioning

3 Types of Errors in Interpolated Coordination

3 Types of Errors in Interpolated Coordination 3 Types of Errors in Interpolated Coordination 3 Types of Errors in Interpolated Coordination By Mark Nichol Errors in sentences with interpolated coordination, in which a phrase providing additional information is inserted but punctuation and/or words that provide complementary structure are omitted or misplaced, are frequently made but easily avoided, as explained in the discussion and demonstrated in the revision following each example below. 1. It is widely regarded as one of, if not the, greatest films ever made. The flaw in this sentence is simple to detect- simply omit the parenthetical phrase: â€Å"It is widely regarded as one of greatest films ever made.† If the base sentence is syntactically flawed, then the same sentence, with interpolated wording, is also incorrectly constructed. To repair the damage, word the base sentence so that it stands on its own (â€Å"greatest films† must be preceded by the article the within the base sentence), and revise the parenthetical phrase so that it complements the corresponding phrase in the base sentence (â€Å"greatest films† cannot serve both the base sentence and the parenthetical phrase): â€Å"It is widely regarded as one of the greatest films, if not the greatest film, ever made.† An alternative revision that interpolates the parenthetical phrase early but is not as elegant is â€Å"It is widely regarded as, if not the greatest film, one of the greatest ever made.† 2. Mobile apps perform the same or better than they did a year ago. Here, the phrase â€Å"or better than† is not technically a parenthetical phrase because it is not punctuated (though some writers would do so), but it serves the same function- it interpolates additional wording into the base sentence, in this case â€Å"Mobile apps perform the same they did a year ago.† But notice the flaw here: The comparative phrase â€Å"the same as† is missing a word, so revise as shown here: â€Å"Mobile apps perform the same as or better than they did a year ago.† Without this insertion, the erroneous implication is that than serves as a conjunction for both same and better when, according to grammatical rules, it supports only the latter word. 3. Membership or inviting support for the organization is a criminal offense that carries a sentence of up to ten years. A missing word is the problem here, too, but this time it is an absent preposition- membership requires its own preposition so that, similar to the problem in the previous example, it is not misunderstood to share for with â€Å"inviting support†: â€Å"Membership in or inviting support for the organization is a criminal offense that carries a sentence of up to ten years.† (Again, the interpolation â€Å"or inviting support for† could be treated as a parenthesis with bracketing punctuation, but doing so is unnecessary.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeOne Fell SwoopPreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Rio Tinto plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rio Tinto plc - Essay Example The company has been able to generate an overall cash flow of $8.3billion showing an increase of 85%. This increase in cash flow has been achieved after making capital investment of $2.5 billion, a figure which has increase by 13% in the current year. (www.riotinto.com,2005). An analysis of the financial data from 2005 onwards suggest that the company has been able to increase its revenue from $19.033 Billion in 2005 to $29.700 Billion in 2007- an increase of more than 56%. The earnings per share of the company have increased from $3.81 to $5.67 in 2007. Operating Income of the company has been also consistently increasing from $ 6.92 billion in year 2005 to $8.571 in year 2007. (Reuters, 2008). Three years performance of the Rio Tinto suggests a very strong performance of the company. A more closer look at the performance of the company would suggest that the during 2005, company has been able to generate sales mostly through the sales of iron ore and copper whereas the same trend seem to be taking place in the years after 2005 also. Further more the comparison with the industry ratios in the year 2007 suggests that the company has been able to beat the industry in major ratios. The Price to Earnings ratio of 18.94 is higher as compared to the industry PE ratio of 13.62 whereas the other key ratios including the sales growth, EPS growth, working capital management ratios are better than the industry benchmarks. However it also must be noted the total debt to equity ratio of the company is higher than the industry ratios suggesting slightly higher degree of leverage being availed by the company as compared to the industry. On the whole strong stock performance coupled with the strong operational and financial performance of the company suggest a very solid and mature financial strength of the company along with better management of resources. Rio Tinto being one of the largest companies in the industry and being quoted at multiple stock

Puzzles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Puzzles - Essay Example elieved that Pythagoras used anagrams to determine philosophical meanings, while Plato believed that anagrams revealed divinity and destiny (Anagrams FAQ). The Romans believed that anagrams actually had mystical and prophetic meanings (Wikipedia). In spite of their popularity in ancient times, anagrams seemed to disappear until the middle ages when Jewish mystics called Cabbalists believed that reciting letters from the Hebrew alphabet in various orders could work miracles and create humans from dust (Sydney Morning Herald). In 17th Century France, Louis the XIII appointed a Royal Anagrammist to whom he paid a reportedly exorbitant salary. By 1988, the first stand-alone anagram generating software was produced underscoring a fascination with this puzzle form that has existed for several thousand years. (Sydney Morning Herald). Throughout history, anagrams have gone in and out of popularity, and they have been used in several applications in addition to providing entertainment for puzzle solvers. Authors have used anagrams of their own names to create pseudonyms for their writing. Writers have also been known to use anagrams of actual people as the names of unpleasant characters. In addition to literature, anagrams have appeared in song lyrics. Jim Morrison used an anagram of his own name, â€Å"Mr. Mojo Risin† in the song â€Å"L.A. Woman.† Other songwriters have used anagrams for titles of songs of for band names. Galileo and other scientists used anagrams to protect their discoveries from being claimed by others. Cryptic crossword puzzles use anagrams as clues to add another dimension to crossword puzzles. (Wikipedia). Before the advent of computers, anagrams were created using pen and paper or letter tiles. Individual words have been anagrammed as well as entire sentences. With the creation of computer programs for anagramming, not only are there more possibilities for the numbers and kinds of anagrams that can be created, but also the games that can be played

Toyota Motor Company Essay Example for Free

Toyota Motor Company Essay In the worldwide automotive industry, Toyota Motor Corporation is the leading player in terms of revenue, profit and net worth as of April this year (Associated Press).   The Aichi Prefecture, Japan-based automaker reported in a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission consolidated earnings of 1.6 trillion yen or about $14.3 billion for the year ended Mar. 31, 2007. To have reached its current leadership position in the market, Toyota Motor follows a business strategy that focuses on safety, reliability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of its products.    The company was able to capitalize on its smaller but more fuel-efficient models to increasingly gain bigger shares in different markets worldwide. The companys key market areas are: China, Japan, North America, and Europe.   Toyota’s corporate goal is to hold on to its position as a market leader, while continuing its growth.   In order to achieve this, the automaker believes in the importance of advances in technology, production and marketing, quality control, and strengthening of its cost-efficiency model. Specifically, Toyotas strategies are focused on: a) offering of full product lineup and distinguish products through hybrid technology that includes: expansion of distribution reach for its Lexus model to reach the most number of countries, manufacturing global brands that would meet regional characteristics while  utilizing the same designs and core components. b) localization of global operations with targeted regional strategies: the company understands that having a local manufacturing, marketing, and sales offices will help it maximize that markets potential while saving on cost of shipping vehicles and parts.   The localization wil lalso protect it from currency fluctuations and help it respond better to local preferences and tastes. Toyotas biggest strength is its ability to provide markets with good alternatives to bigger and more expensive vehicles.   Its product lines are attractive and are designed to make them affordable for consumers to buy, while keeping maintenance costs minimal. I dont consider Toyota to have a weak point, but rather, I consider it to be facing challenges.   The carmakers biggest challenge, for me, is to stay competitive, not only with the American and European carmakers, but with other Asian car manufacturers that also offer quality cars at affordable costs. BIBLIOGRAPHY TOYOTA. Home Page. http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/index.html (7 November 2007) Toyota overtakes GM in global vehicle sales, The Associated Press, 24 April 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18286221/ (7 November 2007) Toyota Motor Corp. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-   Ã‚   edgar?action=getcompanyCIK=0001094517owner=includecount=40 (7 November 2007)

Living in the City vs. Living in the Country :: Compare Contrast City Country Essays

Living in the City vs. Living in the Country   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The age-old question has plagued many, â€Å"Should I live in a city or should I live in the country?†. There are many advantages and disadvantages to choosing a lifestyle in either setting, and careful examination of all aspects is needed to make the perfect decision for you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One major issue affecting many people trying to make the decision on where to live is their quality of life in either extreme. Health, education, transportation are three major concerns that many consider. In a city, pollution surrounds you wherever you step whether on the streets of a busy financial district or on the lawn of a large park. Pollution could possibly cause health problems later in life. In the country, pollution is scarce. Fresh air, rolling green hills, a few pieces of litter here and there but pretty much everything is clean, and wow! No smog, you can see the stars! In the country, childhood education, kindergarten through twelfth grade, is significantly better than in a large city; smaller class sizes and larger budgets create excellent learning environments. In cities, public schools are often plagued with very large classes packed into small spaces. Teachers with low pay, and little or no dedication are thrown into classrooms to teach, resultin g in poor education. Transportation is very accessible in city environments. Public transportation, by way of subways, busses and ferries, are cheap and easy ways of getting around a metropolis, whether going out to work, school, or for a night on the town. In the country, everyone needs to have access to his or her own vehicle. A commute to work or school is about an average of forty-five minutes!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cash flow is very important when choosing a living environment. Living in the city can easily be more expensive, if you do not know where to look. But it can also be very competitive with that of your spending in the country. Apartments can be very affordable in a rent-controlled neighborhood, and are much more feasible for families, or students just starting out on their own; whereas, in the country, you may have to buy a home or hard to find cheap rentals. Transportation costs, groceries, taxes, and utilities are common expenditures for any adult. But, many may find that a large amount of money can be saved on these living expenses in a city.

Just How Bad Can Living Under a Totalitarian Government Be Essay

Does the government control everything? Maybe not as much in Canada, however in other societies like Nazi Germany and even in Panem from the book â€Å"The Hunger Games† written by â€Å"Suzanne Collins†, they definitely do. This could also be known as a totalitarian government. These places take to extreme the punishment, violence and unfairness. Although, the government in the Hunger Games is set in a futuristic theme it is still alike to that of Nazi Germany. However, no one has any power to vote in a totalitarian government and they have to obey cretin guidelines and rules such as behaviors, restrictions, education, and lifestyles. If even one of these guidelines were broken you would face severe discipline. â€Å"When I was younger, I scared my mother to death, the things I would blurt out about District 12, about the people who rule our country, Panem, from the far-off city called the Capitol. Eventually I understood this would only lead us to more trouble. So I learned to hold my tongue and to turn my features into an indifferent mask so that no one could ever read my thoughts. † Free speech, we learn, is not a given in Panem. Katniss censors herself because of the fear her mother has of the government. Notice how she has to hide her thoughts and her emotions in District 12 to avoid being a problem to the Capitol. This is very close to the people that lived in Nazi Germany at the time. I’m sure that both Panem’s and Nazi Germany’s people would have to endure life threaten consequences if there government heard of any faulty accusations about them. The Hunger Games is a gladiator type sport, which is punishment for the uprising against the Capitol that happened long ago in the novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†. Why are the Hunger Games so effective, do you think, this is to keep the districts from rebelling again, because just like Nazi Germany, Hitler made sure that no one would stand up against him? He would either through them in jail, put them in a concentration camp, or even kill them on the spot. A great example from this time is when, â€Å"Hitler made all students attend the â€Å"Hitler Youth† Organization until 6:00 pm. Any parents that tried to prevent their kids from attending would no doubt be thrown in jail,† said a grade 10 student living in Germany at the time. â€Å"All I can think is how unjust the whole thing is, the Hunger Games. Why am I hopping around like some trained dog trying to please people I hate? The longer the interview goes on, the more my fury seems to rise to the surface, until I’m literally spitting out answers at him. † As we can see here Katniss (The main character) is being asked questions that she has to lie about to keep herself and her family alive. So Katniss has to hide what she knows: that the Hunger Games are unjust and terrible. Just like many of Germany’s people they could not speak against Hitler or the Nazis in the fear of being hurt or killed, everyone had to keep these dark times to themselves. No doubt this meant that the German Newspaper did not write any opinions against the government. Even on the radios all the advertisements were focused on supporting Hitler and his regime. What’s an Avox? † I ask stupidly. â€Å"Someone who committed a crime. They cut her tongue so she can’t speak,† says Haymitch. She’s probably a traitor of some sort. Not likely you’d know her. † As we see again people that would have rebelled or spoken against their government would face consequences. Hitler moreover would do the same to a traitor or throw them in jail. Surely when Nazis controlled Germany, anyone if not everyone wanted to die as themselves not a product of Hitler. Another excellent quote from Peeta that supports this point, just before Katniss and Peeta enter The Hunger Games, â€Å"I don’t know how to say it exactly. Only†¦I want to die as myself. Does that make any sense? † he asks. I shake my head. How could he die as anyone but himself? â€Å"I don’t want them to change me in there. Turn me into some kind of monster that I’m not. † Just like Nazi Germany no one wanted to change to fit Hitler’s label, what the people wanted to do was try to live a normal life. However in The Hunger Games the people had to kill each other to survive, which brings out another useful quote from â€Å"The Hunger Games†, â€Å"No, when the time comes, I’m sure I’ll kill just like everybody else. I can’t go down without a fight. Only I keep wishing I could think of a way to†¦to show the Capitol they don’t own me. That I’m more than just a piece in their Games,† says Peeta. Like Peeta, the people in Nazi Germany wanted to make a stand against Hitler and the Nazi army but most could not due to the intimidating threats of the Nazi army. Not to forget how did Germany’s people that were not in war have to do instead of serving full time in the military service? They had to build weapons, tanks, guns, planes, and even create deathly rockets; even kids had to help out. Just like Panem and other districts, they had to gather resources from their area to give to the Capitol, this to affected the learning of Panem. Furthermore the kids in Germany not only helped with resources and build weapons; they also trained in what would be there future, warfare. Certainly this made Hitler look outstandingly powerful. We can find out that in The Hunger Games that the Capitol has enough power to make kids do what they want them to do, another example from the novel, â€Å"Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill one another while we watch – this is the Capitol’s way of reminding us how totally we are at their mercy. How little chance we would stand of surviving another rebellion. Whatever words they use, the real message is clear. â€Å"Look how we take your children and sacrifice them and there’s nothing you can do. If you lift a finger, we will destroy every last one of you. Just as we did in District Thirteen. † Katniss is talking about the punishment of the rebellion it was The Hunger Games and the destruction of district 13. To Hitler, succeeding in the role of leading the people in a totalitarian government he suspects absolutely no failures. Threatens to family, life, and friends would require the person to put out there best work efforts to not fail their leader. Yet again we can see another quote from â€Å"The Hunger Games†, â€Å"We both know they have to have a victor. Yes, they have to have a victor. Without a victor, the whole thing would blow up in the Gamemakers’ faces. They’d have failed the Capitol. Might possibly even be executed, slowly and painfully while the cameras broadcast it to every screen in the country. If Peeta and I were both to die, or they thought we were†¦ My fingers fumble with the pouch on my belt, freeing it. Peeta sees it and his hand clamps on my wrist. â€Å"No, I won’t let you. † â€Å"Trust me,† I whisper.  He holds my gaze for a long moment then lets me go. † The Gamemakers are supposed to have at least winner to survive. Katniss figures out how finally to defeat the Gamemakers. To put the blame on the Gamemakers both Katniss and Peeta decide to commit suicide – or at least act like they are committing suicide. At these actions the Gamemakers were forced to declare both of them the winners. The made a fool of the Gamakers because it really showed that they did not have complete control over them. The Capitol is very disappointed in seeing this happen as it also makes them look weak. Furthermore Hitler was not the only person that took the power of leadership, there were many others. People who even date back to the late 1700’s controlled their own government without any say from the people. Leaders like Simon Bolivar in Spain during 1783 – 1830, Joseph Stalin with Stalinism, Corneliu Codreanu a Romania leader which helped Hitler’s government take place, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini the leader of Italy who took sides with Hitler in World War II, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera leader of the â€Å"Spanish Phalanx† just before the time of World War II, and the list can go on and on, because this world is not perfect. In conclusion, we can see that any government like that of Hitler’s or Stalinism are cruel. These types governments are supposed to help out there people but, in the end it causes pain to the people, their families, friends, and even their country and community. People do not get what they deserve in these places such as freedom of speech, religion, and so much more. In the end we are very fortunate to live in a democratic society.

How does the author make Lennie a sympathetic character? Essay

In â€Å"OF MICE AND MEN† John Steinback makes Lennie a sympathetic character by the way he is described as in physique and also in means of mentality. Lennie is also described by the author in the way the other characters in the story describe him. His act of speech and his actions is also provided in the story. Lennie’s attitude and actions are not the same towards all the characters in the story. He gets along well with some of the characters in the story and with some he doesn’t. The fact that is really strange is that, his physique doesn’t match his mentality. The time at which this book was written, USA was going under The Depression. At which during this time many people were left unemployed. Most of the people who worked in the ranches at that time were all surviving and had just enough food to feed themselves. They were given very low wages and had to work in very bad conditions. People usually traveled miles together to find a job as they never had a fixed contract. Since all this used to happen in the late 1930’s, people would walk across the country in order to find a job and many a times they would get robbed as the majority of them traveled solo. But here, George and Lennie are an exception. Throughout the story, all the characters are alone except for George and Lennie, as I mentioned above earlier in the passage. During this depression people were hopeless as there was no unemployment money and there was no money paid by the government to those who were unemployed. At that time, the wanting to have a job was so desperate that the people would rob you or kill you inorder to take the job. In many cases they would also use your name for having the job making the person incharge think that it is the person who had sent a letter to them asking for a job. In â€Å"Of Mice And Men†, Lennie has been described by John Steinbeck as a very simple character who indulges innocence of a small boy without him realising it. He is not what he seems to be, in other words we can say that his physique does not match his personality. In comparison to George, Lennie is big, heavy, strong and not intelligent. He is described as any other ordinary person working in the farm. Many a times he doesn’t tend to kill animals whom he takes care of because he thinks that he is petting it. A perfect example is when he is petting the pup and he accidentally kills it. He hides it and tells George that his intention was to take care of it. This tells us that he loves animals and he himself doesn’t know how much harm he is doing to the animal because he doesn’t know how strong he is. He often acts like a kid because usually a small kid gives respect to an elder person who acts properly with him and treats him in a nice way. From the characters from the story, Lennie is recognised as a type of person who has a very low understanding power but person who is very strong in terms of physical matters. He doesn’t get along well with all the characters in the story. The only ones he gets along well are the ones who are good to them. Lennie is often known to be as a kid because most of his actions are quite childish and he isn’t responsible as a man of his age is supposed to be. This can be proved because George takes care of Lennie’s work card. He has to be incharge and give him his meals during the right times like a mother should do for her child. Another thing what proves this is that, Lennie is told off by George not to drink in the dirty water. This fact tells us that Lennie doesn’t know the difference between right and wrong. When George takes the dead mouse from Lennie’s hand, he starts to cry. He doesn’t get along very well with Curley and his wife because the very moment he came to the Ranch, Curley hated him. Before Curley attacked him, Curley didn’t know how strong he was and it was only after Lennie squeezed his hand he knew his strength. He had the wrong impression of Lennie. This tells us that Lennie always wanted to look for fights and get other people into trouble. After the fight we don’t see any more of Curley until the last part when he wants to kill Lennie after his death of his wife. From the first part of the story when the author gives us the physical description of Lennie, we could say that George was a man of low understanding power and Lennie was the man which was the opposite of George. We can prove this because John Steinbeck says that â€Å"the way a bear drags his paws†. This gives us the first impression that Lennie is a huge man. Also the author doesn’t mention who is who in the when he gives the description of both the characters. Whenever in the story when Lennie makes George angry, he is upset like a kid because always wants to make his elders happy. Lennie totally depends on George because he knows that he can’t do anything alone and he needs George to be with him. This can be proved in the line â€Å"†¦somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself†. In this line George tells us that if Lennie was on his own, he would be shot by the owner for whom he worked for. Nobody would accept him due to his stupidity and lack of understanding. He often tends to over and over again and sometimes forgets to what he is told before. George tells Lennie between the difference right and wrong because † Curley says he’s keepin’ that hand soft for his wife†. It tells us that he doesn’t know what it means. George tries to tell and make Lennie understand that Curley’s wife is a seductive type of woman and he should try to keep away from her.Curley’s wife is a seductive type of woman and he should try to keep away from her because she could get him into trouble. From first itself when George sees Curley’s wife he says â€Å"she’s got the eye†. He tells Lennie that she tries to flirt with Carlson and Slim. Lennie is only left alone once in the ranch when George goes out with his people of work. He is told by George to stay away from her. After he is told that, whenever Curley’s wife tries to speak to her he tells her directly that he is not supposed to speak to her. Lennie is forced by George not to speak in the beginning part of the story when they go to the ranch to get a job. He fears that Lennie will say something stupid and show how dumb he is and this might cause them to loose their job. To prove this he says this in the exact words â€Å"I’ll give him the work tickets, but you ain’t gonna say a word. You jus’ stand there and don’t say nothing†. Lennie often tends to forget what he did in the past. The way he speaks is ungrammatical and moreover like a lower class type of dialogue. They use a colloquial way to speak with eachother and Lennie many a times repeats the sentences again and again.

An book report about les miserable in a political fashion.

An book report about les miserable in a political fashion. Les MiserablesVictor Hugo was correct. Books like Les Miserables that reveal the corruption and evils of society will never be useless to us.The poverty of man still surrounds us today, over 100 years after Les Miserables was written. Poverty still pollutes the cities of America. One of Victor Hugo's main reasons for writing Les Miserables was to help people recognize that not everyone is as well off as they could be. Hugo showed the world that one man could make a difference. Jean Valjean, the main character in Les Miserables had huge impacts on everyone he came in contact with. Thankfully, there are actual people like Jean Valjean that help the homeless and the poor. Characters like Jean Valjean and people like Victor Hugo truly do inspire others to be better and to help the unfortunate. ("Household Economic Studies": 1-10) People in Africa, 3rd world countries, and even in America die each day due to malnutrition and starvation.Jean Paul Valjean.Fortunately, Les Miserables and boo ks like it can help people understand how important it is to help the less fortunate. Organizations such as the IRRI help feed the starving children and adults of these unfortunate countries.Cosette's childhood was dwarfed or shortened because of her life with the Thenardier's. Fortunately there are Child Protective Services who investigate abusive parents and if they are in fact abusive the children are taken away and put into a better home. Organizations such as the Child Protective Services prove that there are people like Jean Valjean who want to help children in need of better homes and better families. As you can see there are real life people like the character Jean Valjean who help the less fortunate lead better lives. Les Miserables shows us the evils of society. After we identify the...

The Gender of Countries in the German Language

The Gender of Countries in the German Language Most countries are spelled differently in German than English and they may be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Its easiest to simply memorize which gender is associated with which country in the German language as you learn the spellings of the countries themselves. Gender of Countries Generally speaking, countries in German are not preceded by definite articles. There are however exceptions. The following are some countries that do take on definite articles when talking or writing about them. DIE : die Schweiz, die Pfalz, die TÃ ¼rkei, die Europische UnionDIE Plural: die Vereinigten Staaten (the United States), die USA, die NiederlandeDER: der Irak, der Libanon, der Sudan (note that Middle Eastern countries tend to be masculine).DAS: das Tessin, das Elsass, das Baltikum Born in versus From When stating that someone is from a certain city, often the suffix –er/ erin will be added: Berlin - ein Berliner, eine BerlinerinKÃ ¶ln (Cologne)- ein KÃ ¶lner, eine KÃ ¶lnerinTo state that someone is from a certain country, see Countries and Cities in GermanTo some cities that already end in –er, you can add –aner/ anerin: ein Hannoveraner, eine HannoveranerinHowever, that is quite a mouthful, therefore it is more commonly expressed as such: Sie/ Er kommt aus Hannover. (She/He is from Hanover.)

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value Essay - 1

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value added contribute towards understanding the connections betwee - Essay Example Therefore, outputs that are not determined by one  self are not put into consideration (Sheikh, & Tonak, 2002). Marxist and neoclassical methods of determining value added B. Cox in 1979 agreed in his book called â€Å"value added† that Pigou’s definition went further in explanations. He construed value added in two diverse perspectives: the additive and the subtractive. In one, instance, the subtractive value added, is determined by taking away material purchases and services from revenue from sales. The value added signifies its creation. In addition, additive value added is deliberated by accumulation of labour cost (consisting of social charges), operating profit and depreciation. This permits the estimation methods where the created profit is distributed. Goods and services are (Samuelson, & Nordhaus, 2004) exchanged in business system; thus  a  market product entails a market where products are traded  (especially to firms). Thus, product market and busine ss are interrelated given that the business permits products to be traded in markets. Besides, vertical integration and value added are correlated. Indeed, if a company opts to vertical integration, its Value added ratio increases. However, many companies do not create their own products in entirety. An addition or change made by a business regarding a product or process prior to reaching the point of purchase or customer. In a situation where there is change in business value-added, there will be an increase in the quality and value of the process or products. However, the fact of the change in itself is not obvious to the customer (Palmer, 1998). The concept of Karl Marx where the value product is the same as the national accounting concept of determining net value added. It is obtained through subtracting the value of the gross product and expenditure on constant capital. The latter represents depreciation and the costs of intermediate products. In rotation, value added equals th e summation of variable capital (compensation of labor) and surplus-value (which is pre-tax profit income). The case is that labor generates value added (a new value) that comprises the cost of own wages i.e. payment for the ability of workers perform labor (labor power) and property income (surplus-value). In Marx's case, provided in Das Kapital thesis, workers apply sufficient labor-time within a working day so as to pay for proliferation costs where their ability to work in that day (labor-power) is judged by the extra work or surplus-labor required to compensate incomes to land-owners and capitalists among others (Deardorff, 2003). Given that labor is active and highly conscious factor in the process of production, capital goods which is the means of production together with gifts from nature like land and natural resources, facilitates the ability of labor to transform raw materials into finished products. It raises the physical productivity of labor regarding its ability to ge nerate use-values alongside value-productivity. The latter is the ability to generate use-values that can be traded for money (Yanovsky, 1999). On the contrary, neoclassical economics deem the incomes comprising added value as the prize for services provided. While critiquing the political economy, Marx observed incomes as consequences of production subject to circumstances of capitalist exploitation. In the capitalist class, they

Certified fitness trainer (Question5) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Certified fitness trainer (Question5) - Essay Example Secondly, you must also work out the core and abdominal muscles to strengthen them up. The media and magazines are pushing these myths because over a period of time people have become accustomed to taking it for absolute truth. They continue exercising in the same way and get the same result. Also so that people don’t fall prey to these myths and their efforts are not wasted or worse still detrimental to their health. Let us analyze the first fallacy - a result is no guarantee that it is beneficial to a person in the long run. For instance, if we perform countless sit-ups every day we will see a difference at the end of the period. So we assume that the exercise works since we can see a result, but do we really benefit from having stronger, tightened abdominal muscles? Or have we just got tightened muscles that will put Das 2 undue stress on our frame? Will it make any difference to our performance? Are we feeling stronger or are we just feeling tightness in an over-active mus cle? This is the second fallacy. Therefore, articles and advertisements on the internet and in magazines should depict different health and exercise myths and provide factually accurate fitness and health advice based on scientific reasoning to spread the awareness and to enhance performance. It should tell us the right way of exercising and its effect. Das 3 Works Cited Busy Woman’s Guide To Health & Fitness.

The Philosophy of the Enlightenment Research Paper

The Philosophy of the Enlightenment - Research Paper Example It is safe to say that every aspect of life is dependent upon history. It is through history that one is able to make predictions, give valid evaluations, connect forms of life with another, creates programs and strategies as they relate to success and continuity. History helps to revolutionize the thinking processes. The different experiences help to prepare a generation of people for a new age and a new era. The level to which they use the knowledge to steer away from the mistakes of the past should not solely be the responsibility of history and historians. The consequences are related to the attitudes, will, and direction of events at any given time. History is responsible for producing new schools of evidence and debate. In the different explanations of the creation story, for example, there are opposing sides as to how the earth was generated. In the absence of the concrete record that can withstand the scrutiny of scientists and other scholars, history provides a medium throug h which religion, philosophy, sociology, and psychology can equally share and contribute to the different explanations.  One must admit that although history is essential and indispensable there exist many doubts and uncertainties. In many prominent universities such as the University of Oxford, while subjects such as theology, law, music among others were included in the curriculum of the university for many years it was not until 1850 that history was added to the program of studies. It could not be described as having claims to a wealth of truth and there was a lack of systematic knowledge.

Lingerie A Fashion Statement Fashion Essay

Lingerie A Fashion Statement Fashion Essay Many women today are looking for good deals on lace lingerie. This type of sexy undergarment is a fabulous idea to spice things up, or simply to feel somewhat glamorous. In the past, in order to get high quality lace, you would have to spend a lot of money and time searching for a store that would be selling it without the high mark up that these things get. The great vast majority of people that are searching for lace is finding that there is so much more online than ever before. If you look at the commerce world in terms of history, you will know that there is a large growing position of people that are looking for great products online from the comfort of their office chair or computer. Seriously, isnt that great, modern technology has come up to the levels that consumers really want. Its not just women that are finding these stores fascinating, there is a large portion of people that are discovering that they can order a lot of products from their home and have them delivered. You can get these items delivered to your house with the greatest of ease. It is an incredible thing to enjoy lace lingerie, and people should really understand how great things are now that there is more information out there to enjoy. If information in a sense is power, you have the power of a great consumer to go out there and get the best deals on adult lingerie and undergarments for personal or recreational usages. Sure, not everyone in the world is really looking for lace lingerie. However, there is a great amount of people and homes that receive catalogs. If you are looking to spice up your own life, or the life of your partner, you can do so with wearing a nice lace product. Lace is very nice and soft, creating a nice cognitive view for your spouse or partner. Looking for good stuff online is easy. The internet has given us a major amount of power in regards to consumer shopping. You can really look into comparison shopping with the touch of a button. You have to put this into perspective. If you were to want to buy lace lingerie back in the days before the internet boom, you were looking forward to a lot of time spent going store to store. If you make it to a store that sells these items, you would then have to try each one on, and most likely not find the size you need. The problem here is that stores do not always carry the sizes of all women, moreover they simply order what is popular in their area, not what the potential consumer might want. However, if you go online to search for a good store that has lace, you will notice that they carry all sizes and many different colors because th In an age where professional lifestyle seduces ones instincts clothing takes a centre stage.Dont be put down by monotonous traits of lingerie and custom wears. Making each day and night a piece to remember is the most sought after arena of human expectations. Make your loved one feel exquisite by presenting her a fine line of exotic lingerie. Whether it is a Valentines night a sexy chemise may flirt with your soul, carry your sleek attitudes with a camisole, or surprise your partner with a push-up bra which surely would hypnotize his instincts. Make her feel special with a all new range of lingerie making her look like a Hollywood star. The shop for lingerie never satisfies your soul until you try a few brands. Theme parties or Halloween evenings or that special anniversary you have been waiting for long, buy a sexy lingerie that would make your partner feel special.Buy a sexy lingerie from a range of party themes available all the year round. The feeling of being sexy is not only pr omoted by your outlook but by your inner beauty, thats why a sexy bra or panty enhances your innerself by catapulting your curves and physical being. Silk in that sense makes one more attractive and is the most preferred brand globally. A flirty baby doll enhances your social presence but a sleepwear with ultra texture quality creates an impression on your loved ones. Try different brands and style each day to make your partner looking for innovation and create a long standing impression on his thinking genre. A bustier enhances not only your curves but a color variety worn with sleek tops and jeans bring out sexiness in you. Let your femina speak for itself when going for lingerie. Let your close pals feel jealous with your all new corset. Lingerie shopping is a vanity when explored in totality, let the wilderness in you speak up, go buy a sexy lingerie, make yourself feel special with your all new outlook, make your life at large-kingsize.There are various brands like Solera,Victo rias secret,Olimpia,Elita,Cosabella,Portura,Chinchira.Though expensive brands may be harsh on your pocket but there are many brands like American dream,Bali,Aubade which are both attractive and costworthy.Check out the texture and size and basic linings before buying your lingerie.One thing to remember is the fine point quality mark which seldom people forget while buying a new lingerie. So what are you waiting for? Go shoot out to your nearest dealer outlet to get hold of your inner dreams and buy sexy lingerie.

The Nature of Bryants Poems :: Biography Biographies Essays

The "Nature" of Bryant's Poems Most of the poems in our anthology are ruminative poems about the nature of nature and the nature of life. The key word within his works is simply "nature". He uses works of nature to express his works of art. He meticulously chose objects to which everyone could relate, transforming them into ideas and expressions of his mission. This expression is evident throughout the poetry. "Thanatopsis" revolves around the issues of life and death, using nature as their common ground to describe the overall message. "The all-beholding sun shall see no more in all his course; nor yet in the cold ground, where they pale form was laid, with many tears, nor embrace of ocean, shall exist they image" ( Bryant 2673 ). He vividly paints the picture of oneà ­s death and thus a lack of life. He goes on to depict the earth and her surroundings as manà ­s eternal tomb, expressing all that will be left behind when man leaves this world. "The vulnerable woods - rivers that move in majesty, and the complaining brooks that make the meadows green; and, poured round all, Old Oceanà ­s gray and melancholy waste, - are but the solemn decorations all of the great tomb of man" ( Bryant 2673 ). He continually demonstrates this behavior throughout the rest of the piece, solidifying his intricate pattern towards nature. Bryantà ­s love of nature is overtly expressed within "The Yellow Violet". He paints the picture of a peaceful Spring day, describing the flower and its place within the structure of the season. I found it interesting how he alluded to the "April showers bring May flowers" beginning with line 21 by saying "Oft, in the sunless April day, they early smile has stayed my walk; but midst the gorgeous blooms of May, I passed the on they humble stalk" ( Bryant 2675 ). However, I did feel as if he could have written this about his love of a relationship, not just his love for nature. What do you think? "The Prairies" focuses on his personal look at nature, through his eyes. This piece gives one a first-hand look at Bryanà ­s compassion for all things, great and small. He takes the reader on a journey, looking at individual pieces existing in nature, and taking note of their importance and placement in life.

Importance of Non Conventional Energy by Shanavaz Khan

Research has shown that fuels such as oil, gas and even nuclear have a remaining life span of 70 years. As the industrialized modern world consumes increasing amounts of energy, finding non-conventional energy sources becomes essential to sustain worldwide energy demands. There is considerable debate about the efficiency of non-conventional energy and its ability to supply the world. The contribution of renewable sources of energy remains small however it’s a growing sector with expanding levels of investment. Non-Conventional energy sources can be defined in following types * Water Energy – Hydro-electric power plants are effective in utilizing potential energy stored in water. Ocean contains energy in form of temperature gradients, waves and tides and can be harnessed. * Wind Energy – Wind has kinetic energy that can turn turbines and can be converted to usable power. However the amount of energy that can be derived depends on the speed of the wind. Wind power is one of the most cost-efficient forms of non-conventional energy. Solar Energy – The Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) technology which enables the direct conversion of sun light into electricity can be used to run pumps, lights, refrigerators, TV sets, etc and it has several distinct advantages since it does not have moving parts, produces no noise or pollution, requires very little maintenance and can be installed anywhere. * Other sources – Geo-Thermal energy, Biomass energy and Bio fuels are other sources of non-conventional energy. All over the developed world importance of these types of non-conventional energy sources has been recognized with international targets set for a massive increase in renewable generation, for example European Union has set 30 percent energy output by 2020. Nevertheless there is need of more thrust to the research and development of non-conventional energy sources not only to mitigate greenhouse effect but also to lessen dependence on fossil fuels. Last but not the least, it is for citizens also to believe in power of renewable energy sources and understand its necessity and importance.

European History 1914-to present Essay

The period that immediately followed the First World War was marked by the autocratic regimes in Austria, Germany and Russia being replaced by republics as they were overthrown. There seemed to be a promise of an era of democracy as the seven states that had all been newly created adopted the republican form of government giving the impression that democracy had finally been found after the First World War. However, this did not last as after only two decades, a form of dictatorship took over most of the democratic European countries. While some countries became communists, others took to fascism which resulted to totalitarian form of government (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). In totalitarianism individuals had absolutely no freedom in their life as all political, intellectual, social, cultural, economic and even religious and spiritual activities were subordinated to the authority of the rulers and the government. This form of rule was characterized by the rulers of the government as a central power controlling all the aspects of the citizens’ lives through force and repression such that those who held views that were different from the ideologies of the rulers and had different practices in the mentioned aspects of their lives were considered to be against the state hence enemies. Totalitarianism was manifested through mass-media that was state controlled, one party state in which the party controlled everything that went on in the state, mass surveillance accompanied with state terrorism and restricted free discussion or criticism especially of the governmental ideologies. In European countries such as such as Russia under Stalin and Germany under Hitler, totalitarianism and the practices of the government received overwhelming support from the citizens (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). The support was however not spontaneous, it required the rulers to be charismatic so that he would be able to draw support. The rapid development in infrastructure especially communication and transportation played a great role in the rise and spread of the totalitarianism and growth of its popularity amongst the citizens in the countries in which it was practised. This paper seeks to discuss totalitarianism and the reasons for its rise in Europe in the early 20th century. Totalitarianism is characterized by the state pursuing some goal that is special such as conquest of a certain region, exclusion of all others who hold different ideologies from those ones of the state or industrialization. All resources of the state usually are directed and focussed on achievement of these goals regardless of their cost. Anything that furthers the attainment of the goal is fully supported while the things that threaten to foil this achievement are rejected. It is a form of obsession that triggers an ideology that explains and describes things in terms of the intended goal, justifying all obstacles that could arise and all the forces that may struggle against the state in achieving the desired goal (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). This results to the state getting popular support from the citizens which gives it the power to practice any form of governmental actions. Anyone opposing the goals or ideologies of the state is considered evil and political differences within the state not allowed. Achievement of the goal is never acknowledged even in the event the state actually gets to achieve it. This is because totalitarianism is entirely founded on the ideology of achieving the goal such that in the event the goal is achieved then it should cease to exist. The pursuit of specific goals by different leaders for the states they ruled is considered to be the main reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Europe. As mentioned earlier, fascism was one of the main reasons for totalitarianism. This ideology was common in Germany and Italy. It originated with Mussolini Benito in his rule over the country. This ideology in which the proponents advocated for the creation of a single party state was a reaction against equality, liberty and fraternity that were being proposed by democratic nations such as France and Britain after they won the war. Fascists argued that nations and races usually are in a conflict in which only the strongest and the healthiest survive. Apart from being healthy the strongest also survive by asserting themselves against the weak through repression and in combat (Griffiths 2005). These governments prohibited and suppressed opposition and any form of criticism to the government. In Germany, races that were not German such as the Jews, Slavs and individuals who were either sick or disabled were targeted for execution as Hitler’s government sought to have a nation of pure healthy Germans. Fascism claimed that a nation was the race and hence sought to execute everyone who was not of the race of the rulers (Griffiths 2005). Fascism is also characterized by respect and love for collective organization in which individuals work together to achieve a certain goals and ideology. This formed totalitarianism in Italy and Germany. In which the citizens were organized against other individuals of other races that were considered a threat to achieving a nation that was formed of one superior race. Nazism was movement mostly in Germany which was is also referred to as National Socialism. This movement sought to spread the ideologies of Adolf Hitler’s government in Germany and the world as a whole. Nazism is argued to be a form of fascism as its characteristics are the same as those ones of fascism as it featured racism, expansion and obedience/loyalty to one leader. Hitler expected everyone to be loyal to him and executed anyone who defiled his orders. Nazism also had theories about other races which portrayed them as inferior to German Aryans and a threat to its existence hence the necessity to get rid of them. This led to the massive execution of the Jews and the disabled Germans as they were considered unfit for survival according to fascism. This ideology is therefore one of the reasons for the rise of totalitarianism in Germany and most of its neighbouring nations (Klaus Vondung 2005). Bolshevism-Stalinism was the reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Russia. Bolshevism was a movement formed by professionals who believed in military control over the country and democratic centralism such the party (Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) took form of internal hierarchy in which individuals from other groups were not allowed to lead the party. Only these members made decisions and any party that was formed to challenge Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party it was purged (Worley, Morgan & Laporte 2002). This movement greatly supported single party state and is believed to have caused the rise of Stalinism. Stalinism refers to the form of government used by Joseph Stalin and those who were allied to his ideologies (Worley, Morgan & Laporte 2002). This ideology is sometimes referred to as red fascism as it is a form of fascism. Stalinism refers to a form of governance that is characterized by oppression of the citizens and extensive spying by the government so that individuals can not criticize or form movements to overthrow it. This system was also characterized by purging in which those who were opposed to the government ideologies were sent to prison camps or sometimes killed. The state used propaganda and established some form of cult around a leader who was a dictator so that he would have absolute control over the communist party and maintain control over all the citizens of Russia. Apart from the mentioned countries, Austria also participated in the rise of totalitarianism by supporting Nazism and Fascism. Its Prime Minister Kurt Waldheim is said to have assisted Germany in transporting Jews to dearth camps. Several other Eastern and Central European countries also got obsessed with the fascist movement (Klaus Vondung 2005). This included Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Slovakia, Lithuania and Croatia. The fascist movements in these countries were all characterized racism specifically against the Jews whom they associated with communism which they greatly despised. Spain is the only country which though fascist never got obsessed with race and believing in the ant-Jewish conspiracies that characteristic of German’s Nazism. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe during the early 20th century was mainly due to fascism. Both Nazism and Bolshevism-Stalinism which were the main movements in Europe at this time and are all forms of fascism which emphasizes on the power of the state over the citizens. A significant characteristic of these movements is racism in which each state believed in being occupied by only those who were of its race hence eliminating those who belonged to different races or had different practices than were contrary to the ideologies of the ruling government. The most affected race in Europe was the Jewish. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe can therefore be solely attributed to fascism. References Gardner, H. , Kleiner, S. & Mamiya, C. , (2005). Gardner’s Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective. Sidney: Cengage Learning. Griffiths, R. (2005). Fascism second ed. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Klaus Vondung, K. (2005). The Apocalypse in Germany, Columbia and London: Univ. of Missouri Press. Redles, D. (2005). Hitler’s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York, NY: New York Univ. Press. Worley, M. , Morgan, K. & Laporte, N. , (2002). Bolshevism, Stalinism And The Comintern: Perspectives On Stalinization. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.