The Philosophy of the Enlightenment Research Paper

The Philosophy of the Enlightenment - Research Paper Example It is safe to say that every aspect of life is dependent upon history. It is through history that one is able to make predictions, give valid evaluations, connect forms of life with another, creates programs and strategies as they relate to success and continuity. History helps to revolutionize the thinking processes. The different experiences help to prepare a generation of people for a new age and a new era. The level to which they use the knowledge to steer away from the mistakes of the past should not solely be the responsibility of history and historians. The consequences are related to the attitudes, will, and direction of events at any given time. History is responsible for producing new schools of evidence and debate. In the different explanations of the creation story, for example, there are opposing sides as to how the earth was generated. In the absence of the concrete record that can withstand the scrutiny of scientists and other scholars, history provides a medium throug h which religion, philosophy, sociology, and psychology can equally share and contribute to the different explanations.  One must admit that although history is essential and indispensable there exist many doubts and uncertainties. In many prominent universities such as the University of Oxford, while subjects such as theology, law, music among others were included in the curriculum of the university for many years it was not until 1850 that history was added to the program of studies. It could not be described as having claims to a wealth of truth and there was a lack of systematic knowledge.

Lingerie A Fashion Statement Fashion Essay

Lingerie A Fashion Statement Fashion Essay Many women today are looking for good deals on lace lingerie. This type of sexy undergarment is a fabulous idea to spice things up, or simply to feel somewhat glamorous. In the past, in order to get high quality lace, you would have to spend a lot of money and time searching for a store that would be selling it without the high mark up that these things get. The great vast majority of people that are searching for lace is finding that there is so much more online than ever before. If you look at the commerce world in terms of history, you will know that there is a large growing position of people that are looking for great products online from the comfort of their office chair or computer. Seriously, isnt that great, modern technology has come up to the levels that consumers really want. Its not just women that are finding these stores fascinating, there is a large portion of people that are discovering that they can order a lot of products from their home and have them delivered. You can get these items delivered to your house with the greatest of ease. It is an incredible thing to enjoy lace lingerie, and people should really understand how great things are now that there is more information out there to enjoy. If information in a sense is power, you have the power of a great consumer to go out there and get the best deals on adult lingerie and undergarments for personal or recreational usages. Sure, not everyone in the world is really looking for lace lingerie. However, there is a great amount of people and homes that receive catalogs. If you are looking to spice up your own life, or the life of your partner, you can do so with wearing a nice lace product. Lace is very nice and soft, creating a nice cognitive view for your spouse or partner. Looking for good stuff online is easy. The internet has given us a major amount of power in regards to consumer shopping. You can really look into comparison shopping with the touch of a button. You have to put this into perspective. If you were to want to buy lace lingerie back in the days before the internet boom, you were looking forward to a lot of time spent going store to store. If you make it to a store that sells these items, you would then have to try each one on, and most likely not find the size you need. The problem here is that stores do not always carry the sizes of all women, moreover they simply order what is popular in their area, not what the potential consumer might want. However, if you go online to search for a good store that has lace, you will notice that they carry all sizes and many different colors because th In an age where professional lifestyle seduces ones instincts clothing takes a centre stage.Dont be put down by monotonous traits of lingerie and custom wears. Making each day and night a piece to remember is the most sought after arena of human expectations. Make your loved one feel exquisite by presenting her a fine line of exotic lingerie. Whether it is a Valentines night a sexy chemise may flirt with your soul, carry your sleek attitudes with a camisole, or surprise your partner with a push-up bra which surely would hypnotize his instincts. Make her feel special with a all new range of lingerie making her look like a Hollywood star. The shop for lingerie never satisfies your soul until you try a few brands. Theme parties or Halloween evenings or that special anniversary you have been waiting for long, buy a sexy lingerie that would make your partner feel special.Buy a sexy lingerie from a range of party themes available all the year round. The feeling of being sexy is not only pr omoted by your outlook but by your inner beauty, thats why a sexy bra or panty enhances your innerself by catapulting your curves and physical being. Silk in that sense makes one more attractive and is the most preferred brand globally. A flirty baby doll enhances your social presence but a sleepwear with ultra texture quality creates an impression on your loved ones. Try different brands and style each day to make your partner looking for innovation and create a long standing impression on his thinking genre. A bustier enhances not only your curves but a color variety worn with sleek tops and jeans bring out sexiness in you. Let your femina speak for itself when going for lingerie. Let your close pals feel jealous with your all new corset. Lingerie shopping is a vanity when explored in totality, let the wilderness in you speak up, go buy a sexy lingerie, make yourself feel special with your all new outlook, make your life at large-kingsize.There are various brands like Solera,Victo rias secret,Olimpia,Elita,Cosabella,Portura,Chinchira.Though expensive brands may be harsh on your pocket but there are many brands like American dream,Bali,Aubade which are both attractive and costworthy.Check out the texture and size and basic linings before buying your lingerie.One thing to remember is the fine point quality mark which seldom people forget while buying a new lingerie. So what are you waiting for? Go shoot out to your nearest dealer outlet to get hold of your inner dreams and buy sexy lingerie.

The Nature of Bryants Poems :: Biography Biographies Essays

The "Nature" of Bryant's Poems Most of the poems in our anthology are ruminative poems about the nature of nature and the nature of life. The key word within his works is simply "nature". He uses works of nature to express his works of art. He meticulously chose objects to which everyone could relate, transforming them into ideas and expressions of his mission. This expression is evident throughout the poetry. "Thanatopsis" revolves around the issues of life and death, using nature as their common ground to describe the overall message. "The all-beholding sun shall see no more in all his course; nor yet in the cold ground, where they pale form was laid, with many tears, nor embrace of ocean, shall exist they image" ( Bryant 2673 ). He vividly paints the picture of oneà ­s death and thus a lack of life. He goes on to depict the earth and her surroundings as manà ­s eternal tomb, expressing all that will be left behind when man leaves this world. "The vulnerable woods - rivers that move in majesty, and the complaining brooks that make the meadows green; and, poured round all, Old Oceanà ­s gray and melancholy waste, - are but the solemn decorations all of the great tomb of man" ( Bryant 2673 ). He continually demonstrates this behavior throughout the rest of the piece, solidifying his intricate pattern towards nature. Bryantà ­s love of nature is overtly expressed within "The Yellow Violet". He paints the picture of a peaceful Spring day, describing the flower and its place within the structure of the season. I found it interesting how he alluded to the "April showers bring May flowers" beginning with line 21 by saying "Oft, in the sunless April day, they early smile has stayed my walk; but midst the gorgeous blooms of May, I passed the on they humble stalk" ( Bryant 2675 ). However, I did feel as if he could have written this about his love of a relationship, not just his love for nature. What do you think? "The Prairies" focuses on his personal look at nature, through his eyes. This piece gives one a first-hand look at Bryanà ­s compassion for all things, great and small. He takes the reader on a journey, looking at individual pieces existing in nature, and taking note of their importance and placement in life.

Importance of Non Conventional Energy by Shanavaz Khan

Research has shown that fuels such as oil, gas and even nuclear have a remaining life span of 70 years. As the industrialized modern world consumes increasing amounts of energy, finding non-conventional energy sources becomes essential to sustain worldwide energy demands. There is considerable debate about the efficiency of non-conventional energy and its ability to supply the world. The contribution of renewable sources of energy remains small however it’s a growing sector with expanding levels of investment. Non-Conventional energy sources can be defined in following types * Water Energy – Hydro-electric power plants are effective in utilizing potential energy stored in water. Ocean contains energy in form of temperature gradients, waves and tides and can be harnessed. * Wind Energy – Wind has kinetic energy that can turn turbines and can be converted to usable power. However the amount of energy that can be derived depends on the speed of the wind. Wind power is one of the most cost-efficient forms of non-conventional energy. Solar Energy – The Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) technology which enables the direct conversion of sun light into electricity can be used to run pumps, lights, refrigerators, TV sets, etc and it has several distinct advantages since it does not have moving parts, produces no noise or pollution, requires very little maintenance and can be installed anywhere. * Other sources – Geo-Thermal energy, Biomass energy and Bio fuels are other sources of non-conventional energy. All over the developed world importance of these types of non-conventional energy sources has been recognized with international targets set for a massive increase in renewable generation, for example European Union has set 30 percent energy output by 2020. Nevertheless there is need of more thrust to the research and development of non-conventional energy sources not only to mitigate greenhouse effect but also to lessen dependence on fossil fuels. Last but not the least, it is for citizens also to believe in power of renewable energy sources and understand its necessity and importance.

European History 1914-to present Essay

The period that immediately followed the First World War was marked by the autocratic regimes in Austria, Germany and Russia being replaced by republics as they were overthrown. There seemed to be a promise of an era of democracy as the seven states that had all been newly created adopted the republican form of government giving the impression that democracy had finally been found after the First World War. However, this did not last as after only two decades, a form of dictatorship took over most of the democratic European countries. While some countries became communists, others took to fascism which resulted to totalitarian form of government (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). In totalitarianism individuals had absolutely no freedom in their life as all political, intellectual, social, cultural, economic and even religious and spiritual activities were subordinated to the authority of the rulers and the government. This form of rule was characterized by the rulers of the government as a central power controlling all the aspects of the citizens’ lives through force and repression such that those who held views that were different from the ideologies of the rulers and had different practices in the mentioned aspects of their lives were considered to be against the state hence enemies. Totalitarianism was manifested through mass-media that was state controlled, one party state in which the party controlled everything that went on in the state, mass surveillance accompanied with state terrorism and restricted free discussion or criticism especially of the governmental ideologies. In European countries such as such as Russia under Stalin and Germany under Hitler, totalitarianism and the practices of the government received overwhelming support from the citizens (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). The support was however not spontaneous, it required the rulers to be charismatic so that he would be able to draw support. The rapid development in infrastructure especially communication and transportation played a great role in the rise and spread of the totalitarianism and growth of its popularity amongst the citizens in the countries in which it was practised. This paper seeks to discuss totalitarianism and the reasons for its rise in Europe in the early 20th century. Totalitarianism is characterized by the state pursuing some goal that is special such as conquest of a certain region, exclusion of all others who hold different ideologies from those ones of the state or industrialization. All resources of the state usually are directed and focussed on achievement of these goals regardless of their cost. Anything that furthers the attainment of the goal is fully supported while the things that threaten to foil this achievement are rejected. It is a form of obsession that triggers an ideology that explains and describes things in terms of the intended goal, justifying all obstacles that could arise and all the forces that may struggle against the state in achieving the desired goal (Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005). This results to the state getting popular support from the citizens which gives it the power to practice any form of governmental actions. Anyone opposing the goals or ideologies of the state is considered evil and political differences within the state not allowed. Achievement of the goal is never acknowledged even in the event the state actually gets to achieve it. This is because totalitarianism is entirely founded on the ideology of achieving the goal such that in the event the goal is achieved then it should cease to exist. The pursuit of specific goals by different leaders for the states they ruled is considered to be the main reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Europe. As mentioned earlier, fascism was one of the main reasons for totalitarianism. This ideology was common in Germany and Italy. It originated with Mussolini Benito in his rule over the country. This ideology in which the proponents advocated for the creation of a single party state was a reaction against equality, liberty and fraternity that were being proposed by democratic nations such as France and Britain after they won the war. Fascists argued that nations and races usually are in a conflict in which only the strongest and the healthiest survive. Apart from being healthy the strongest also survive by asserting themselves against the weak through repression and in combat (Griffiths 2005). These governments prohibited and suppressed opposition and any form of criticism to the government. In Germany, races that were not German such as the Jews, Slavs and individuals who were either sick or disabled were targeted for execution as Hitler’s government sought to have a nation of pure healthy Germans. Fascism claimed that a nation was the race and hence sought to execute everyone who was not of the race of the rulers (Griffiths 2005). Fascism is also characterized by respect and love for collective organization in which individuals work together to achieve a certain goals and ideology. This formed totalitarianism in Italy and Germany. In which the citizens were organized against other individuals of other races that were considered a threat to achieving a nation that was formed of one superior race. Nazism was movement mostly in Germany which was is also referred to as National Socialism. This movement sought to spread the ideologies of Adolf Hitler’s government in Germany and the world as a whole. Nazism is argued to be a form of fascism as its characteristics are the same as those ones of fascism as it featured racism, expansion and obedience/loyalty to one leader. Hitler expected everyone to be loyal to him and executed anyone who defiled his orders. Nazism also had theories about other races which portrayed them as inferior to German Aryans and a threat to its existence hence the necessity to get rid of them. This led to the massive execution of the Jews and the disabled Germans as they were considered unfit for survival according to fascism. This ideology is therefore one of the reasons for the rise of totalitarianism in Germany and most of its neighbouring nations (Klaus Vondung 2005). Bolshevism-Stalinism was the reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Russia. Bolshevism was a movement formed by professionals who believed in military control over the country and democratic centralism such the party (Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) took form of internal hierarchy in which individuals from other groups were not allowed to lead the party. Only these members made decisions and any party that was formed to challenge Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party it was purged (Worley, Morgan & Laporte 2002). This movement greatly supported single party state and is believed to have caused the rise of Stalinism. Stalinism refers to the form of government used by Joseph Stalin and those who were allied to his ideologies (Worley, Morgan & Laporte 2002). This ideology is sometimes referred to as red fascism as it is a form of fascism. Stalinism refers to a form of governance that is characterized by oppression of the citizens and extensive spying by the government so that individuals can not criticize or form movements to overthrow it. This system was also characterized by purging in which those who were opposed to the government ideologies were sent to prison camps or sometimes killed. The state used propaganda and established some form of cult around a leader who was a dictator so that he would have absolute control over the communist party and maintain control over all the citizens of Russia. Apart from the mentioned countries, Austria also participated in the rise of totalitarianism by supporting Nazism and Fascism. Its Prime Minister Kurt Waldheim is said to have assisted Germany in transporting Jews to dearth camps. Several other Eastern and Central European countries also got obsessed with the fascist movement (Klaus Vondung 2005). This included Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Slovakia, Lithuania and Croatia. The fascist movements in these countries were all characterized racism specifically against the Jews whom they associated with communism which they greatly despised. Spain is the only country which though fascist never got obsessed with race and believing in the ant-Jewish conspiracies that characteristic of German’s Nazism. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe during the early 20th century was mainly due to fascism. Both Nazism and Bolshevism-Stalinism which were the main movements in Europe at this time and are all forms of fascism which emphasizes on the power of the state over the citizens. A significant characteristic of these movements is racism in which each state believed in being occupied by only those who were of its race hence eliminating those who belonged to different races or had different practices than were contrary to the ideologies of the ruling government. The most affected race in Europe was the Jewish. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe can therefore be solely attributed to fascism. References Gardner, H. , Kleiner, S. & Mamiya, C. , (2005). Gardner’s Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective. Sidney: Cengage Learning. Griffiths, R. (2005). Fascism second ed. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Klaus Vondung, K. (2005). The Apocalypse in Germany, Columbia and London: Univ. of Missouri Press. Redles, D. (2005). Hitler’s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York, NY: New York Univ. Press. Worley, M. , Morgan, K. & Laporte, N. , (2002). Bolshevism, Stalinism And The Comintern: Perspectives On Stalinization. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Sociological Autobiography Research Paper Example

Sociological Autobiography Research Paper Example Sociological Autobiography Paper Sociological Autobiography Paper Essay Topic: Autobiography of My Mother In Brooklyn, New York on July 10th, 1979 that was the day I decided to make my grand entrance into this world. At birth I was given an ascribed status of an African American female, which would play an important role in my life as I grew older. My parents were married and very young at the time of my birth. My maternal grandparents thought it would be best if I lived with them while my parents worked and went to school. This arrangement worked out for several years and seemed beneficial for both my parents and I. I lived with my grandparents until I was about 5 years old or when my mom and dad divorced. As a result of the divorce, my mother became a single parent. My mother raised me on her own until she met Mr. Wayne. After the divorce, my dad lost contact with me, our relationship became estranged. During that time my father earned his achieved status as a dead-beat dad. That status would soon change when my father met his second wife. My step-mother expressed to my dad if he wanted to be with her, he has to be involved in his child’s life. She has been a blessing to me from the beginning of their relationship. My father reconciled any differences he had with my mother and began to rebuild our father/daughter relationship. My mother and Mr. Wayne eventually got married and moved in together. Growing up in a blended family had it pros and cons. I was an only child, on my mom’s side for about 10 years until my brother Zuri came along in 1988. I didn’t have siblings on my dad’s side until 1996 when my brother Terrell was born and 1999 when my sister Sharina was born. My childhood upbringing definitely had a tremendous force on how my future adult life would turn out. My mother, father, and grandparents all had an impact on my outlook of life. They all worked very hard to provide the best for our family. I grew up in what sociologists would the call the working lower-middle class. Although life with my primary group was great at 16 years old, I began to get tired of the switching of the households every other weekend. It was frustrating especially being a product of a blended family. I had social ties with my friends at school and I had a boyfriend with whom I thought I was madly in love with. My social network was increasing and it was important for me to maintain those relationships with my secondary groups or at least I thought it was. Growing up in New York City offered me an opportunity to live in an environment with no obstructions. I was able to connect with a diverse population on a daily basis. I had friends from various ethnic backgrounds.

a summary of American Constitution essays

a summary of American Constitution essays The Preamble to the Constitution contains powerful language that is the bedrock of American political tradition. The opening line: We the People of the United States proclaims that the states remain in a unity and that they are not independent of one another. With these words the loose confederation of independent states ceased to exist after ratification of the Constitution. The Preamble also answers the question of the source of power of the government: the power comes from the people, not from the states. The phrase [I]n Order to form a more perfect Union implies that at the time of forming the country, the Articles of Confederation were weak in governing a growing nation. Next come the general goals for the American nation (originally set up by the Framers): establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity. The following words: do ordain and establish thi s Constitution for the United States of America pose the formal creation of the new government after the ratification. Article I vests all legislative powers in the Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It also sets out the qualifications for holding office in each house, the terms of office, methods of selection of representatives and senators, and the system of apportionment among the states to determine membership in the House of Representatives. The Article I, section 8 contains enumerated powers and elastic clause. Article II vests the executive power- the authority to execute the laws of the nation in a president of the United States. Section 1 sets the presidents term of office at four years, explains the electoral college, states qualifications for office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death ...

pH, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb Explained

pH, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb Explained There are related scales in chemistry used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is and the strength of acids and bases. Although the pH scale is most familiar, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb are common calculations that offer insight into acid-base reactions. Heres an explanation of the terms and how they differ from each other. What Does the p Mean? Whenever you see a p in front of a value, like pH, pKa, and pKb, it means youre dealing with a -log of the value following the p. For example, pKa is the -log of Ka. Because of the way the log function works, a smaller pKa means a larger Ka. pH is the -log of hydrogen ion concentration, and so on. Formulas and Definitions for pH and Equilibrium Constant pH and pOH are related, just as Ka, pKa, Kb, and pKb are. If you know pH, you can calculate pOH. If you know an equilibrium constant, you can calculate the others. About pH pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, [H], in an aqueous (water) solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A low pH value indicates acidity, a pH7 is neutral, and a high pH value indicates alkalinity. The pH value can tell you whether youre dealing with an acid or a base, but it offers limited value indicating the true strength of the acid of a base. The formula to calculate pH and pOH are: pH - log [H] pOH - log [OH-] At 25 degrees Celsius: pH pOH 14 Understanding Ka and pKa Ka, pKa, Kb, and pKb are more helpful for predicting whether a species will donate or accept protons at a specific pH value. They describe the degree of ionization of an acid or base and are true indicators of acid or base strength because adding water to a solution will not change the equilibrium constant. Ka and pKa relate to acids, while Kb and pKb deal with bases. Like pH and pOH, these values also account for hydrogen ion or proton concentration (for Ka and pKa) or hydroxide ion concentration (for Kb and pKb). Ka and Kb are related to each other through the ion constant for water, Kw: Kw Ka x Kb Ka is the acid dissociation constant. pKa is simply the -log of this constant. Similarly, Kb is the base dissociation constant, while pKb is the -log of the constant. The acid and base dissociation constants are usually expressed in terms of mole per liter (mol/L). Acids and bases dissociate according to general equations: HA H2O ⇆ A-Â   H3OHB H2O ⇆ B OH- In the formulas, A stands for acid and B for base. Ka [H][A-]/ [HA]pKa - log Kaat half the equivalence point, pH pKa -log Ka A large Ka value indicates a strong acid because it means the acid is largely dissociated into its ions. A Large Ka value also means the formation of products in the reaction is favored. A small Ka value means little of the acid dissociates, so you have a weak acid. The Ka value for most weak acids ranges from 10-2 to 10-14. The pKa gives the same information, just in a different way. The smaller the value of pKa, the stronger the acid. Weak acids have a pKa ranging from 2-14. Understanding Kb and pKb Kb is the base dissociation constant. The base dissociation constant is a measure of how completely a base dissociates into its component ions in water. Kb [B][OH-]/[BOH]pKb -log Kb A large Kb value indicates the high level of dissociation of a strong base. A lower pKb value indicates a stronger base. pKa and pKb are related by the simple relation: pKa pKb 14 What Is pI? Another important point is pI. This is the isoelectric point. It is the pH at which a protein (or another molecule) is electrically neutral (has no net electrical charge).

I WILL give the topic later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I WILL give the topic later - Essay Example Like the induction of electronic and personal health records (EHRs and PHRs), biometric and telemedicine devices and mobile phone applications are helping people to interact with doctor in a more advance and efficient way. The word e-Health is coined for all the domains under the health care sphere. According to the article, it is very important for health care professionals to understand this e-health support infrastructure in order to reap its fruits. Then the article has explained a model in order to explain the future of e-health. In this model the consumers and physicians are surrounded by the layers of the technological tools that are currently used or in near future will be the part of this sector. At the bottom of the chart, information/communication technology has provided platform to consumers for the interaction with the physicians and at the top is the way the physician will communicate, that is web-portal. Then the article further elaborated the chart and the way EHRs have made working easy for the people in this sector. Then the population/communication centric delivery system need and its integration importance with the home based biometric systems are described in the article. According to writer, this idea will help to address challenges and needs like environment, food and socio-economic ones. The writer then with the help David Blumenthal’s six way framework (provider/consumer information flow and communication) tried to explain how the e-health will affect the communication between patient and doctors. He explained that HIT and its software will allow the physicians to learn about patients. It will also provide 24/7 assess to the providers to the patient’s database. This will completely transform the way doctors and patients will communicate because they will communicate now through IT and much more. The article then elaborated the

Innovations in computer technologies (this needs to be narrowed down Essay

Innovations in computer technologies (this needs to be narrowed down pls review the comments from teacher - Essay Example Considering the present scenario it has become an essential component in nursing education. Just recent years ego new technology has been emerged in the nursing education and which is named it as clinical simulation. â€Å"Clinical Simulations is the use of model-driven patient simulators, such as the METI HPS, ECS and iStan, in a realistic clinical environment for the purpose of immersing the healthcare profession students/trainee in environments that closely mimic real patient environments† (What is clinical simulation? 2008, para.1). The use of this simulation assists nursing students in many ways. This helped in making clinical decision, data analyzing and in solving the problems. The evolution of this technology has bought many changes in the field of nursing education. These changes are due to a rapid expansion in technology. â€Å"These changes have been associated with incumbent ethical and moral dilemmas which are borne out in the daily practice of nurses† (Simpson & Courtney, n.d., p.3). These clinical simulation has bought significant change in the learning abilities of nursing students as it models real life nursing situations. It also ensures competency and self-taught learning strategies for the nursing students. By utilizing these simulations, many problems can be solved and learning can be increased in very cost effective manner. It is sure that clinical simulation can provide low cost learning atmosphere. Traditional system requires lots of costs input in order to facilitate needs for the students in learning. Traditional system requires lots of faculties for teaching purposes. With the evolution of this system it requires only very less number of faculties in order to teach the course. Presently hospitals are not allowing students to perform nursing intervention, as they believe that students will put patients in jeopardized state. Also to use

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example Businesses found on godly principles embrace concepts such as commitment, diligence, honesty, kindness, excellence and others. By upholding such values, the business will ensure that its products are of high value and satisfy customers’ needs. These are values that most people appreciate in business. Such values can earn a business loyalty from its customers. Positioning involves influencing perceptions of customers about a product (Pride & Ferrell, 2006). To a marketer, not only are words necessary, but also deeds or actions to supplement the words. Words are important since they enable the marketer persuade customers to purchase a product or act in a certain manner. A marketer must choose words carefully so that they can be pleasing as well as convincing to the customer (Pride & Ferrell, 2006). Words must be complemented by the appropriate actions. If this does not occur, customers may level criticism against the business. In order to retain customers, actions must supplement what the words promised to deliver. If customers do not get what was promised by mere words, they will most probably spread criticism by telling others. This may tarnish the business’s image in the eyes of potential

Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology - Essay Example However, due to the actions of their mother, the rich woman’s children perform so poorly in school while the children of the friend who is poor perform so well. What happens at this point is an example of a theodicy (Young 12). This occurs in a manner that cannot be influenced by any person as the children may be reading in the same class and being taught by the same teacher. According to the example above, it is prove enough on the existence of theodicy in the real world. The problem of theodicy is that the rich woman does bad things to the innocent children of her friend. In her view, she thinks that nothing will happen to her. However, the truth is that, bad things happen to her family for which she has no control over. On the other hand, her children suffer from the mistake of their mother without being directly related to the actions of their mother (Young 12). Looking critically at the problems of the young and poor children, the actions of their mother’s friend is too mean. Since the rich woman preferred to be unfair and mean to the children of her friend without thinking about what she was doing to them, the effects of her actions due to the theodicy come without any cure or defense criteria against her children. In this case, the effect of the theodicy was very necessary in order to give the rich woman a simple check for her actions. The effects of the theodicy act as the protector of the defenseless children of the poor woman. They make the rich woman to understand that, the effects of her actions must be critically looked at regardless of what she owns or the ability of the one who is at her mercy (Dembski 150). They help to stand firm against evil. On the other hand, they give blessings to the children of the poor woman. This is like a lesson to those people who think that because they own money and other earthly things they can do anything they feel like. The effects of the

The Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

The Affordable Care Act - Essay Example The Affordable Care Act is beneficial because it has made substantial progress in reducing the number of Americans with no health insurance. Low-income residents have immensely benefited because most of them are now able to access and afford insurance. Those who gained insurance through the law have seen a reduction in disastrously high medical bills that hospitals forced them to pay in previous instances. Whether the Act has made the American population healthier is still uncertain. Similarly, there is no significant decrease in chronic illness patients, neither is there an increase of checkups (Sanger-Katz 1). It was also intriguing to learn that young Americans remain on their parents’ insurance plans until they turn twenty-six years of age. This is a positive step of the act, because traditionally, most citizens between nineteen to thirty years of age do not have insurance. In consequence, this reduced the number of uninsured Americans. Sanger-Katz affirms that most young Americans, especially college graduates, now access customary primary care doctor before the institution of the law, because they do not have to go without medical care because of costs. Even so, there was minimal change in the rest of the population in terms of access to primary care.

Argument shows islamic banking is not only targeting people from Essay

Argument shows islamic banking is not only targeting people from muslim backgrounds or in muslim countires - Essay Example As a result of the strict lending rules, Islamic Banking is gaining popularity among Muslims and non-Muslims globally at a high rate. Although referred to as Islamic Banking, non-Muslims have currently been included in the system. Some observers have defined it as a sophisticated banking and finance structure that takes into consideration moral and social values, highly compatible with the modern financial needs, which make the bank, receive overwhelming support from all people. The incorporation of strict sharia economics and the modern lending economics have been the major contributing factors for non-Muslims’ indulgence in the Islamic banking system (Syed, 2012). Previously, Islamic Banking was attractive only to a limited number of Muslims whose main purpose was to avoid interest charged by the conventional banking system. However, the increased support it has received from the rich Gulf Muslim investors has increased its popularity, luring more people into the system. The rising demand for ethical investing and the need for less risky alternatives of investing have pulled more numbers of non-Muslims into the Islamic Banking. Additionally, the Islamic finance sector is yet to develop into a fully-fledged financial sector. Therefore, more people are required to chip in their little share so as to expand the market share. Driven by the vision of offering an alternative banking system to the conventional banking, designers of the Islamic Banking allowed non-Muslims to take part in order to accelerate its growth (Abdullah, 2012). The high potential shown by Islamic Banking has seen the introduction of classes based on the ideals of Islamic Banking system (Khan, 2013). In fact some of these institutions have greatly advocated for Islamic Banking to the extent of recommending it among their students. Harvard for example has set up an Islamic Finance Project since 1994 that is based on

The Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

The Affordable Care Act - Essay Example The Affordable Care Act is beneficial because it has made substantial progress in reducing the number of Americans with no health insurance. Low-income residents have immensely benefited because most of them are now able to access and afford insurance. Those who gained insurance through the law have seen a reduction in disastrously high medical bills that hospitals forced them to pay in previous instances. Whether the Act has made the American population healthier is still uncertain. Similarly, there is no significant decrease in chronic illness patients, neither is there an increase of checkups (Sanger-Katz 1). It was also intriguing to learn that young Americans remain on their parents’ insurance plans until they turn twenty-six years of age. This is a positive step of the act, because traditionally, most citizens between nineteen to thirty years of age do not have insurance. In consequence, this reduced the number of uninsured Americans. Sanger-Katz affirms that most young Americans, especially college graduates, now access customary primary care doctor before the institution of the law, because they do not have to go without medical care because of costs. Even so, there was minimal change in the rest of the population in terms of access to primary care.

Analysis of the Company Diet Coke Plus Assignment - 14

Analysis of the Company Diet Coke Plus - Assignment Example This did not help, as the taste was not appealing to the target group that comprises of young men. Coca-Cola Blak, which has the coffee essence, was appreciated by older men but not pleasing to the young men. The company also made Full Throttle Blue Demon that is appealing to Hispanic men but according to past research, men between 18-34 years were abandoning Coca-Cola brands since none was appealing to them (Lamb, Joseph, and Carl, 33). This led to the introduction of Coke Zero that young men have embraced in Australia. The introduction of Coke Zero will reduce the consumption of Diet Coke Plus and Diet Coke since most men will start consuming it. This will lead to huge losses from these brands and female customers may start consuming it. The hidden cameras used to advertise Coke Zero would have made Diet Coke Plus more appealing than and that was used. I do not think that Diet Coke could have been repositioned to change customers’ perspective since its brand name is fixed in men that it is for women.   To change this perception, the company had to form another name and change the bottle color just to end the men’s mentality.

Factors Affecting Capital Budgeting of ICT Sector Firms

Factors Affecting Capital Budgeting of ICT Sector Firms This research proposal has been written to compare the factors affecting capital budgeting of firms in Information and Communication Technology sector in Thai. The survey factors of decision making in capital budgeting. The many decisions that top management must make in firms. This method is one duty of a financial manager to choose investments with satisfactory cash flows and rates of return. The factors affecting to make decision in capital budgeting, which is the allocation of funds among alternative investment opportunities, is crucial to corporate success. The explicitly considers how well-managed companies and the competition to hook up in segment market of in information and communication technology sector. Overview of Information and Communications firms in Thailand The most economies in the world people consume by spending money to buy goods and services. The ultimate aim of business is to maximize the market value of the firms common stock. Whereby, this means the wealth of its shareholders (Sharpiro 2005). The purpose focus on shareholder value begins with the simple economic understanding. Therefore, the roles of current business can growth through affecting quality competition. This research proposal has the interest in the sense of decision making style in ICT sector. Competitions exist to give the opportunity to enter the best competitions to be found in this kind of business in Thailand. A more captivating reason for focusing on creating shareholder wealth is the difference between the values of the company. Moreover, Companies in ICT sector are highly competitive market in Thailand. That the reason why the significant decision making of capital budgeting to invest by critical thinking. Verma et al (2009) observed for achieve the firms a re focusing even more on effective financial management practices and are greatly concerned about core financial issues like capital structure, cost of capital, working capital management and capital budgeting. The objective of capital budgeting In the recent years, managers have become more sophisticated in allocating capital resources and more concerned about return on investment. Sharpiro (2005) shows the important discussion is that the primary objective of financial management is to maximize the shareholder wealth. In other to, we need to know what affects wealth to benefit shareholders. Consequently, one way that people acquire more wealth is to defer invest and consumption in a company. Those who are relatively risk averse become bondholder, lending money to the company and repayment of the loan.In reality, any firm has limited capital resources that should be allocated among the best investment alternatives. The argument that capital is a limited resource is true of any form of capital. Management should carefully decide whether a particular project is economically acceptable. In the case of more than one project management must identify the projects that will contribute most to profits and to the value or wealth of the firm which is the basis of capital budgeting. Stout (2008) expresses the process of evaluating the desirability of investment is referred to a capital budgeting with real options. Furthermore, illustrate how to price a capital investment project containing real options. To explain these concepts to a wide audience in accounting In addition, this research proposal represent evaluate business strategies on the basis of prospective in capital budgeting by opinion managers who controls the capital resources is managerial decision from sample companies in ICT sector, which is good for every one, not just shareholders. It is well for politicians and other commentators to reflect on the facts in issue. Critical review of Literature This research generalized how company make financial decisions that started by explaining what these decisions are and what they are seeking an achievement. The secret of success in financial management of a corporation depends on how well in system of corporate governance to increase value. In other wards, maximizing value is like advising an investor in the stock market. To carry on business, a corporation needs a limitation to describe investment decision. The investment decision also involves purchase of assets that are often referred to as capital budgeting. The most corporations focus on capital budgeting listing the major project approved for investment. Investment proposal come into view from many different parts of the organisation that may have concluded the simple choice of which projects to accept or reject. Hence corporations need processes to ensure that every project is assessed consistently. The future investment outlays in most companies depend on the investment proc edure starts with the preparation of annual capital budgeting that is a list of projects planned for investment decision. The investment decisions let project proposals from companies for review by planning staff who controls the disposition of corporate resources is making financial decision (Brealey et al., 2011). Furthermore, Burns and Walker (2009) represented the capital budgeting process has been described in terms of four stages: Firstly, Identification is idea generation that include how project proposals are initiated. This stage composes of the overall procedure of project including sources origination and reasons for idea creation. Besides, process of origination and submission procedures are interested in an incentive system for rewarding good ideas. Moreover, this stage focuses on time pattern of creation and what level projects are generated that is a formal process for accepting ideas. Stanley and Block (1984) surveyed there has never been an in-depth survey in this stage. The responding companies in capital budgeting proposals originated bottom up over 80 percent versus top down. Secondly, Development also focuses on the details of how the data is estimated that which firms use cash flow versus accounting data. This involves the level of review, the role of project size, organizational structure and the initial screening process which rely upon primarily early screening criteria and cash flow estimation. Pruitt and Gitman (1987) identified the origination of biases in process for a deeper understanding of capital budgeting forecast and cash flow estimation. In addition, they considered financial, marketing, production and economic factors for quantitative forecast. Gordon and Pinches (1984) suggested the role in forecast accuracy and emphasis on the importance of information systems processes that were the key to improvement of capital budgeting. Thirdly, Selection includes personnel involved and the techniques used for the detailed project analysis that results in acceptance or rejection of the experimental project for funding. This stage separate to subsections follows as: 1. Personnel study on determining person who controls the disposition of corporate resources in company is making final decision and analyses capital expenditures. However, this includes amount of people are involved in project. Brealey et al. (2011) suggested the problem of biased forecasts that originated from strategic planners may have a mistaken view of forecast because cannot identify all worthwhile projects. For instance, the managers of project A and B cannot be expected to see the potential economies of closing their projects and merging production at new project C. 2. Reason for selection Techniques includes determining some techniques are preferred. According to Verma et al. (2009) demonstrated Companies invest in long term assets that expected a flow of benefit over the lifetime of the capital asset in project and a certain amount of resources in exchange for the future return that involves risk. Moreover the many capital budgeting methods or techniques are available for these investments or projects evaluation. A comparative study of affecting capital budgeting by evaluate the impact of different factors or variables on the selection of an individual capital budgeting. In addition, this research covers capital budgeting principles and techniques. Shapiro (2005) represented the companies can use to evaluate prospective investments. To accomplish this object by translate the basic principles of capital budgeting into evaluation techniques capable of applying these principles. The several different methods evaluate potential projects that manag ers use to analyse investments. The alternative methods include: Firstly, three discounted cash flow techniques net present value, profitability index and internal rate of return. The techniques are defined as follows: Net present value (NPV) is the present value of the projects future cash flows that discount at appropriate cost of capital and minus the initial net cash outlay in cost of the project. The value placed on a prospective investment project that focus on cash and only cash, account for the time value of money and account for risk. Thus, projects have a positive NPV that should be accepted. On the other hands, a negative NPV should be rejected. Moreover, Comparison in many projects that the one with higher NPV should be accepted. This NPV method focuses on all cash flows and the time value money when takes into account. Profitability index (PI) is defined as a project equals the present value of future cash flows divided by the initial cash investment as known as the benefit cost ratio. The project should be accepted if the ratio exce eds 1.00. NPV and this ratio always yield the same accept-reject decision. Sometimes, PI can provide superior decision in investment. Internal rate return (IRR) is defined as the sets of present value in project of future cash flows equal to the initial investment outlay that is a discount rate. In other words, this ratio equates the project when NPV is zero that determines the maximum interest rate. The rationale in project yielding more than its cost of capital should have a positive NPV and should be accepted. Otherwise, the project should be rejected. Secondly, two non discounted cash flow techniques payback period and accounting rate of return. The techniques are defined as follows: Payback period is defined as length of time necessary to recover it takes before the accumulative cash flow equals the initial investment from net cash flows. The payback rule states that project should be accepted if payback period less than some specified cut-off period or less period than others project. Payback period was a most commonly to use when choosing among alternative projects. Although widely to use this method, it has serious weakness because this method ignores the cash flows beyond the period and the time value of money that is very sensitive in investment decision. Accounting rate of return also called as the average return on book value or the average rate of return. This technique is the ratio that defined average profit after taxation to average book investment this is an average return on investment (ROI). A return in investment yielding grater than in comparison project and standard should be accepted. Whereas the result is below should be rejected. In addition, Verma et al. (2009) represented the comparisons capital budgeting techniques used in practice. A non-discounted cash flow in capital budgeting techniques was increasing in 1960s especially the payback period method. On the other hands, a discounted cash flow in capital budgeting techniques were interesting 1970s especially use of internal rate of return method in. A trend towards incorporation focused on risk that was also indicated by many studied. Furthermore, the most preferred method for evaluation of investment risk that depended on sensitivity conservative and analysis forecasts and the payback period method and followed by internal rate of return method were most popular in 1980s. Authors found that evaluators used multiple evaluation methods that internal rate of return and followed by the net present Value method were the most preferred choice in 1990s. The adjustment of discount rate methods were the most widely accepted discount rate that was the weighted aver age cost of capital (WACC) that Authors found 78 percent. In the 2000s, Peat and Partington (2007) demonstrated the most popular project evaluation techniques were net present value, internal rate of return and payback period that the most of companies observed these techniques. 3. WACC is defined a usually estimated cost of capital that average rate of return demanded by investors include companies use this rate to make project selections. Bruner et al. (1998) represented the research that companies computed the cost of capital by using WACC. 4. Risk Analysis is actually defined in a capital budgeting context. The risk analysis methods focus on recognised, reflected and assessed. Shapiro (2005) represented the real options and project analysis, risk and incorporating risk in a capital budgeting analysis, corporate strategy and the capital budgeting decision. The improvements could be made in obtaining.The important input from management for improving existing risk models. Ken and Cherukuri (1991) represented the case of large U.S. companies that concluded sensitivity analysis was found popular for handling risk that measuring risk is 80 percent. Dhanker (1995) demonstrated companies incorporated risk by adjusting 45 percent used Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Shao and Shao (1996) found that firms were using risk-adjusted discount rates less often than risk-adjusted cash flows.In addition, Graham and Harveys (2002) surveyed large companies are preferred to use risk-adjusted discount rate while small companies more lik ely used Monte Carlo simulation for risk adjustment. 5. Capital Rationing include the decisions are made by the financial environment. The specific reasons in capital rationing indicate the correct project proposal biases. The reaction capital rationing is not simply to real problem in managers face that main reason was irresolution to issue external financing. Moreover, accepting projects are avoided highly risk averse by using capital rationing to make decision in company that correct for management optimistic forecast biases. In addition, Gitman and Vandenberg (2000) considered the maintain a target price to earning ratio or earning per share among 23 percent of the respondents using of capital rationing and 60 percent was a debt limit imposed by management. Thus, this improvement has been made on the characteristic of capital rationing. 6. Project Approval as defined the autonomy of divisional managers and the role of divisional manager in each of capital investment project and operating accept-reject decisions. Fourthly, Control involves how the evaluation of project performance. This stage considers by comparison the different in expected result and actual results that indicate the performance measurement. Gordon and Myers (1991) expressed the respondents had performed post-audits 76 percent. However, the post-auditing was not effective according to criteria that involved the use of risk adjusted discount rate cash flow methods, the documented policies and procedures. Unfortunately, the post-audit is unpopular decisions in a standard part of the capital budgeting process. Furthermore, Myers, Gordon and Hamer (1991) found companies by using discounted cash flow based audit procedures by using the data form the same study that result increased their performance in companies. In addition, Pruitt and Gitman (1987) reviewed an upward bias that management suspects that focus on the post-audit process. The optimistic forecasts were sometimes depended on psychological factors. The way to eliminate the psychological biases on future capital budgeting proposals that means the post-audit should provide objective information to remove psychological to effective capital budgeting. The important in control stage has resulted in the deeper understanding in both control purposes and continuous improvement for future decisions. The important contributions have been made in the omitted stages of the capital budgeting process. A set of well-defined capital investment opportunities suggested by several authors its impact on all four stages that the decision support system. Opportunities include focusing on a particular stage by using best practices perspective in the area of real options and project analysis to monitor the outcomes. Brealey et al. (2011) demonstrated the final capital budget must also reflect the strategic planning of corporation. Strategic planning attempts to identify business where the corporation has a competitive advantage that takes a top -down view of company. Research aims and objectives of research proposal The objectives of the study are to examine the capital budgeting practices being adopted by companies in Thailand. Specifically this study aims a comparative study of the factors affecting of different firms in capital budgeting in Information Communication Technology sector. The overall research focuses on objective as following: This objective examines the corporate practices regarding the techniques of capital budgeting used for evaluating an investment proposal. To analyse and compare the difference objectives of capital budgeting by using acquired data. This objective evaluates the impact of different variables or factors affecting capital budgeting on the selection of a method of capital budgeting technique. This objective analyses the corporate practices regarding risk techniques of capital budgeting used for adjusting risk in investment proposals. This objective includes the affecting factors in each project and corporate strategy that relate to the capital-budgeting decision. To evaluate processes and techniques of capital budgeting to improve decision-making and the quality of decisions. Research questions and / or hypotheses H0-What are the purposes and objectives of investment capital budgets in each firm? H0- The identification, development, selection and control stage does affect the making decision of capital budgeting to accept the project. H0-The level of capital budget project does affect the selection of investment. H0-What are a capital budgeting principles and techniques make strategic decisions preferred by companies? H0-What is the most popular capital budgeting technique affect to make decision? H0-Does the company use of multiple capital budgeting techniques? H0- what important factors of decision making are the consideration non financial factors for deciding capital budgeting investment by selected companies? H0- what are risk factors to use in Adjustments? Research Design Methodology for the research This section is essentially about justifying the terms of methodology. It addresses the particular appropriate data collection and analysis. By 150 the questionnaires have distributed go to still ICTs companies in Thailand. The Social Science Version 16 (SPSS software) was advantage from this questionnaire. Thus, imply incidence and percentage are the importance in the lead presents the conclusion spits the questionnaire, way statistics explanation is the importance of using analysis the data. Data Collection Data collected in standardised format from lot of observations based on specific variables and identify patterns between variables. Hence, Data will be collected via structured by questionnaire (see in appendix) a personnel in companies in information communication technology sector in Thailand. The population of interest is planning staffs that involve the project within different department in each company. According to the mention above objective a comprehensive primary survey is conducted of 30 planning staffs who controls the disposition of corporate resources is managerial decision involved of projects companies. The planned sample is 10 projects from different projects in company the amount of staff are surveyed depend on the level of project. Data Analysis Wrenn et al. (2007) represented the SPSS is used the way random simplify by applicability. This technique use to test general in the population that known information of being selected as part of the sample. This research has applied the explanation will of the statistics that Zikmund (2000) demonstrated the explanation and summarize about the people by average calculation that the mean and percent values are majority form in summary data. The acquired data will be analysed by using qualitative methods and data will be compared the actual factors in capital budgeting. The limitation of method used According to Saunders et al. (2007) demonstrated the way of questionnaire process depends on the technique of limitation use in the research that is taking time to collects the data. Moreover, they may take time in making completed profoundly might cause something delay in during procedure. The convenience of limitation is easy to filtration that personal researcher are appropriate more than the filtration from the people. Conclusion Nowadays, the Thailand business environment has become highly sensitive competition in Information Communication Technology sector. The capital budgeting decision necessary for a number of changes have taken place in the business and economic environment in domestic market. For achieving this, the keyword to success in financial management depends on only the professionally and competitive managed companies. The companies are focusing even more on effective financial management practices and company can thrive in such an unstable environment. In addition, the companies are greatly concerned about core financial issues. That the reasons why focus on the affecting factors for making decision in capital budgeting that companies should be improved financial management. Reference Brealey, R.A., Mayers, S.C. and Allen, F. (2011) Principles of Corporate Finance Global Edition. 10th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Bruner, R.F., Eades, K.M., Harris, R.S. and Higgins, R.C. (1998) Best Practices in Estimating the Cost of Capital: Survey and Synthesis, Financial Practice and Educational. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 13-28. Burns, R.M. and Walker, J. (2009) Capital Budgeting Surveys: The Future is now. Journal of Applied Finance. No.1 2, pp. 78-90. Dhanker, Raj S. (1995) An Appraisal of Capital Budgeting Decision Mechanism in Indian Corporates, Management Review. (July-December), pp. 22-34. Garbutt, D. (1992) Making Budgets work. 1st edition, London: Chartered Institute of Management Accountant. Gordon, L.A. and Pinches, G.E. (1984) Improving Capital Budgeting: A Decision Support System Approach. 1st Edition. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Graham, J.R. and Harvey, C. R. (2002) How Do CFOs Make Capital Budgeting and Capital Structure Decisions? The Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 8-23. Ken, L.R. and Cherukuri, U.R. (1991) Current Practices in Capital Budgeting: Cost of Capital and Risk Adjustment, ASCI Journal of Management, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 26-44. Myers, M.D, Gordon, L.A. and Hamer, M.M. (1991) Post-Auditing Capital Assets and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation, Managerial and Decision Economics. Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 317-327. Pruitt, S.W. and Gitman, L.J. (1987) Capital Budgeting Forecast Biases: Evidence from the Fortune 500, Financial Management. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 46-51. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2007), Research methods for business students. 4thedition, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Shao, L.R and Shao, A.T. (1996) Risk Analysis and Capital Budgeting Techniques of US Multinational Enterprises, Managerial Finance. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 41-57. Shapiro, A.C. (2005) Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. 1st edition, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Stanley, M.T. and S.B. Block (1984), A Survey of Multinational Capital Budgeting, The Financial Review. Vol. 19, No.1, pp. 36-54. Stout, D.E., Alice, Y. And Qi, H. (2008) Improving Capital Budgeting Decision with Real Options Management Accounting Quarterly Vol.9, No. 4, p. 1-10. Troung, G., Peat,M. and Partington, G. (2007) Cost of Capital Estimation and Capital Budgeting Practice in Australia Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 95-122. Verma, S., Gupta, S. and Batra, R. (2009) A Survey of Capital Budgeting Practices in Corporate India The Journal of Business Perspective Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 1-17. Zikmund, W.G. (2000), Business Research Methods 6th Edition, Fort Worth: The Dryden Press.

Strong Horse Tea, by Alice Walker and The Suicides of Private Greaves, by James Moffett :: Strong Horse Tea Suicides of Private Greaves

Characterization in "Strong Horse Tea," by Alice Walker and "The Suicides of Private Greaves," by James Moffett Characterization is the change that occurs in a character throughout the story. The change can be either a physical one or an emotional one. In the stories "Strong Horse Tea," by Alice Walker and "The Suicides of Private Greaves," by James Moffett, the characters involved go through changes that effect both stories ending. Characterization also occurs in stories through the eyes of other characters and how they view the main person in a story. A character's change in the story will eventually lead to the resolution, and inevitably the end of the story. In "Strong Horse Tea" the main characters change is very evident. Rannie Mae Toomer's change in the story is apparent to the reader and audience. She (Rannie) goes through both an emotional change as well as a change in her beliefs (both spiritually and on how she viewed people.) Rannie is a black woman living in America during its oppressive years, with her only salvation being her infant son, Snooks. Her son is very sick and in desperate need of medicine. Rannie is convinced that a white doctor will come and visit her and take care of her son. Rannie, however, does not realize her situation, and hopes still that a doctor will come. "Lawd, why don't that doctor come on here?" Rannie keeps on hoping, and not allowing Sarah, the witch doctor to help her. Rannie believes that Sarah help will be evil, and that the white doctor will soon come. 'We going to have us a doctor,' Rannie Toomer said fiercly, walking over to shoo a fat winter fly from her child's forehead. 'I don't belive in none of that swamp magic.' Rannie is unaware of who she is and how others view her. She does not realize that the color of her skin is oppressing her. Rannie is convinced that the mailman (her only connection to the outside world) can help her out. The mailman, however, has other views about Rannie. He sees her as an animal ("Rannie Mae, leaning over him out of the rain smelt like a wet goat." ) with absolutely no intelligence ("Today he thought she looked more ignorant than usual^. ) Rannie is convinced that the mailman will get her doctor for her, but as the time passes she comes to the realization that Sarah is her only hope. 'But I told you,' Rannie Toomer said in exasperation, as if explaining something to

Emperor Justinian: Builder of the Byzantine Legend :: essays research papers fc

?Ã… ¡Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came from Justinian was a Byzantine Emperor who helped to revitalize the Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. During Justinian?fs reign, the Byzantine Empire was at a time of decline. With Justinian?fs visions, he was able to lay out a foundation that would help the Byzantine Empire live for many years to come. Justinian (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) was born in 483 AD at Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of what is now central Europe. He was the nephew of Emperor Justin. His uncle Justin had passed over the duties of governing the Empire to his wife Lupicina, and nephew Justinian (Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor). Justinian worked hard and rose in his uncle?fs government. He studied in Constantinople and became consul in 521. He married his wife Theodora in 523 (Shelter)and rose to general-in chief of the Byzantine Empire in April 527. That same year, his uncle, Justin died and Justinian became the new Emperor (Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor). Justinian had dreamed of restoring the Roman Empire in Europe so he immediately set out to secure and expand the weakening Byzantine Empire(Norwich- A Short History of Byzantium,68). The only way Justinian could achieve his goal was by retaking control over the Western provinces that were once ruled by Rome (Fortescue- Justinian I, Roman Emperor). His first challenge to conquest in the West was to end warfare in the Persian Empire. The two empires had been long time rivals in the Middle East and had battled often (Norwich-A Short History of Byzantium,27). During the 400?fs, both the Romans and the Persians struggled to cope with invasions from outside groups. But in 502, conflict re-ignited between them. From 502-505, the Byzantines, led by Justinian fought the Persians and then again from 527-532. This revisited conflict of warfare between the two rival empires ended when the Byzantines fought the Persians to a standstill and ordered them to accept a peace treaty (Whittow-Making of Byzantium,41). With peace now in the East, Justinian appointed General Belisarius to lead an army and re-conquer the western Roman provinces(Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor). In 533, Belisarius?fs army smashed the Vandals and took over North African provinces and sent their King, Gelimer, back to Constantinople as a prisoner. In 535, the Byzantines overtook Sicily and then moved into Italy (Norwich-A Short History of Byzantium,68-69).

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr)

AN ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) VIEWS FROM MALAYSIAN COMPANIES ABSTRACTS Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore the views of managers among Malaysian companies towards corporate social responsibility and how it influences business ethics. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyses the views of Malaysian managers regarding corporate social responsibility. Interviews were conducted to 12 organizations in Malaysia comprising of major corporations as well as Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs).Findings – The findings reveal that out of 12 companies selected across the Klang Valley, Malaysia, seven companies execute corporate social responsibility for the sake of its brand image and good reputation. Majority of the managers interviewed agreed that corporate social responsibility should be implemented in order to contribute to the society. Originality – The literature review is expected to provide the link between conventional CSR concept with Islamic values and principles.This paper recommends companies especially in Malaysia to adopt corporate social responsibility as an ethical motivation rather than instrumental means. Keywords – Business, Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Organization, Malaysia INTRODUCTION Over the last recent years, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been termed to be a significant issue within global business organisations. The core purpose of CSR is to fulfil a company’s responsibility towards its stakeholders in terms of economic, social and environment (Siwar & Md Tareq, 2009).However, the fundamental basis act of selfless contribution for the public has been tarnished and downgraded by huge corporate businesses when CSR began to be treated as a means to gain profit maximization which is driven by self-interest by enlarge. There are several meanings to define the concept of corporate social responsibility. First, CSR are the obligations entrusted upon bu siness organisations to utilise its resources efficiently in order to bring benefits to the stakeholders by fulfilling its duties as a member of the society itself (Kok et al, 2001; Adam & Zutshi, 2004).The conventional definition of CSR is derived from the concept of vicegerency in Islam according to Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 31. Albeit the concept of CSR is defined in positive aspects, it does not disregard the possibility of being carried out and practiced in an unethical paradoxical manner. Business ethics is understood to be what is acceptable and not acceptable that can be conducted in the business based on stakeholders. The main objective of this article is to focus on the perspective of Malaysian managers towards the views of CSR and how it is implemented in the organization.LITERATURE REVIEW Based on the study of our articles, CSR manifests several business benefits, namely, good image and reputation, building a positive relationship with the customers, a better recruitment a nd retention of talented employees, positive motivation in better working environment, improving financial returns and reducing CSR related risks. These benefits are measured based on the preference of (a) consumers, (b) employees, and (c) upholding the organization’s reputable name. Firstly, consumers are one of the most important stakeholders of an organization.Firms, which are socially responsible, transparent, and trustworthy, are at a better position of gaining consumer preferences (Willmott, 2001 & Mitchell, 2001; Knox & Maklan, 2004). The higher the awareness of social contribution, the more enhanced positive effects are on consumer purchase intention (Lee & Shin, 2009). The organization can also improve their consumption experience with customers by conducting CSR activities. Customers are commonly in favour to buy products from well-established companies that practice CSR activities, giving these organizations a good marketing strategy by word-of-mouth (Knox & Maklan , 2004).They believe that the company will be ethically responsible to the product and services that they produce. Thus, this increases brand loyalty from the customers. Secondly, stakeholders of an organization also consist of its employees. When a company is known for its responsible background, people will be more attracted to be given a position in that particular organization. The ethically defined practice assists the organization in attracting and retaining talented employees in order to improve organization performance Adams & Zutshi, 2004; Knox & Maklan, 2004). Besides that, Weber, (2008) agreed that CSR can also directly motivate its employees. This shows that the practise of CSR by the company enhances an ethical working environment, which will influences the motivation level of the companies employees. Moreover, CSR will diminish employee turnover. In exploring the relationship between CSR and employee turnover, Galbreath, (2010) relies on the employee justice perception s theory. The key mechanism for this theory measures an organization’s level of fairness.The firms exhibit fairness in their actions, if the firms show concern for both internal and external stakeholders through social contribution. Thus, the employees evaluate the firm as one that is just and fair. Both directly and indirectly, employees are influenced to stay and continue to contribute to the company in reaching its main goal. Following (Reich, 2007; Devinney, 2009), an organization that practices CSR would have more satisfied customers, employees, and owners, which would contribute to long-term sustainable development.Lastly, maintaining an organization’s respectable name is just as important as preserving the welfare of its stakeholders. Performing CSR in an organization helps in building a positive image and reputation (Weber, 2008; Galbreath, 2010). A good image and reputation will help the organization to gain and retain customers easily. Furthermore, CSR can al so be treated as a means to manage and minimize CSR risks of powerful consumer boycott by external parties (Weber, 2008) as well as loss of corporate reputation (Knox & Maklan, 2004).CSR can also increase corporate revenue through higher sales and market shares (Weber, 2008). These financial returns can be achieved directly by CSR-driven products or market development or even indirectly through an improved brand image and reputation. This is however, seen from a different point of view by Friedman, (1970). He argues that CSR should not be a part of an organization’s social responsibility. This was preceded by an elaboration of focusing on profit maximization as the only importance of an organization. It is rational to oppose this theory as businesses should not lace profit maximization as its only main goal, but instead take time to satisfy the stakeholders and be socially responsible (Samy, Odemilin & Bampton, 2010). From a strategic point of view, the fact that CSR benefits the firm and stakeholders will only be true if the firms conduct it efficiently. There is a difference between doing the right thing and doing things right. Conducting CSR is doing the right thing and to conduct it efficiently means doing it right. Thus, firms must ensure that they conduct strategic CSR as it brings significant business related benefits to the firm.It supports core business activities, which contributes to the firm’s effectiveness towards achieving its mission (Burke & Logsdon, 1996). The obligations of organizations regarding the practice of CSR are not extended beyond their most valuable stakeholders. Organizations are less able to set priorities among the rest, as there is no constant approach to placing importance on their secondary stakeholders (Knox and Maklan, 2004). The downside of most organizations is that they will only take notice of current social situations when there is a possibility of gaining economic returns.Devinney (2009) has discovered f ive points of natural vices, which draw attention to the major philosophical problems with CSR. Firstly, the role of corporation is only for generating profit not to solve the problems of society. This is in line with Friedman (1970), which claimed that the only responsibility of a corporation is to maximize economic returns. Next, corporation alter the societal standards based on their own demands. Although corporations have a much better understanding of the benefits and cost of practising CSR, this gives them the advantage to make sure that the most valuable constituencies are in their favour.Besides, corporations are not representing the society as a whole. Major corporations are considered to be among the urban upper middle class, which inevitably does not cater for the poor and less fortunate ones of the society. Above and beyond of that, most of corporations are socially conservative as they resist making changes towards their organization practices unless the changes will pr oduce profit to them. Lastly, CSR allows government to forgo some of their responsibilities, thus making social services provided by private companies more distinct in the eyes of the society.CSR does not ensure the ethical behavior of the company (Mostovicz, Kakabadse & Kakabadse, 2009). Instead, the common major benefits recognized by corporate management are what distinguish between an ethical or non-ethical company as organizations are forced to be at a decision point of balancing the incurring costs of CSR activities and the impact of their ethical operations for the society. From the statement underlined, we have focused our findings on the purpose of these organizations conducting CSR and their opinions on the basis of CSR being implanted in all organizations nationwide.METHODOLOGY We chose to conduct an interview in order to collect data for our study. We posed three open ended questions with 12 companies around Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley area because our study is to explore the view of Malaysian managers towards corporate social responsibility and the influence of business ethics. We designed our interview questions based on the literature review in order to suit the Malaysian context. The questions we used for our personal interviews were; Question 1: Does your organization practice corporate social responsibility? Question 2:What motivates your organization to execute corporate social responsibility? Question 3: Do you agree that Corporate Social Responsibility should be implemented in all organizations in the country? State your reasons why? According to the 15 articles we used, we identified that the previous studies used various methods in examining significant issues on CSR. Majority of the previous studies adopted surveying method and used literature in conducting their studies. Above and beyond, there are a few authors used other distinguished methods. First of all four authors used survey as their method of studies.Galbreath (2009) exa mined three potential benefits of demonstrating CSR; reduced employee turnover, increased customer satisfaction, and improved reputation through a survey of chief executive officers in Australia. Likewise, Lee & Shin (2009) used questionnaire survey involving Korean customers to examine the positive of CSR on customer behaviour. Further, Ditlev-Simonsen & Midttun (2010) conducted a survey with three panels: a corporate leaders’ panel, a business students’ panel and an NGO panel to clarify and compare what motivates managers to pursue corporate responsibility from positive and normative perspectives.Lastly, Siwar & Md Tareq (2009) conducted a study on relationship between concepts of Islam with the Malaysian managers’ opinion regarding CSR. They used open and close-ended questionnaire to 50 listed organizations in Malaysia including multinational, government, and nongovernment and SME companies. Secondly, using literature is one of the methods that have been used by in following studies. Abul & Hjh Salma (2009) conducted a study on the current practices of CSR of the business organization as well as Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs).Next, Mostovicz, Kakabadse & Kakabadse (2009) explained the reason why CSR policy has failed to render organization more ethical and to purpose the concept of using CSR for improving the ethics of organization. Besides that, Devinney (2009) argued that the notion of socially responsible corporation is potentially an oxymoron because of the naturally conflicted nature of the corporation. Further, Burke & Logsdon (1996) examined social responsibility programs which create strategic benefits for firms. Lastly, Adam & Zutshi (2004) identified drivers which are forcing organization to adopt CSR and produces corporate social reports.Finally, the other remaining authors exercised distinguished methods between each other. Drews (2010) used two step approaches to measure and evaluate the benefits of CSR. First, a mea surement model is developed based on theoretical analysis. It is then applied in an in-depth case study. Next, Samy, Odemilin & Bampton (2010) adopted a quantitative analysis and exploratory approach to prove that CSR will maximize profit while satisfying the demand from multiple stakeholders. They study on CSR practices of 20 selected United Kingdom’s companies.Besides, Knox & Maklan (2004) used empirical study of CSR policy and practices across a number of multinational companies to examine the reasons why CSR reporting has a low impact on business decision making. Moreover, Holme (2010) used a representative selection of recently published articles to study deeply on practitioner review on the concept of CSR. In addition, Weber (2008) adopted a study which focuses on the question on how to measure the business impact of CSR activities from company perspectives using theoretical approach and literature as references.Friedman (1970) argued on the only social responsibility o f business is to increase its profits using his own views or reasoning. FINDINGS We have successfully conducted the interviews through three medium of communications; Personal interview, telephone call and email. This interview was conducted in the period between 3rd June 2011 and 10th June 2011. We have interviewed 12 managers around Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley. Based on the questions posed, we succeeded in 5 companies providing substantial answers personally, 3 companies responded based on phone calls, and 4 companies offered feedback through email.The table below provides the profiles of the 12 managers that we have interviewed that comprises of major corporations and SMEs. Table 1: Summary of the profiles of the 12 managers interviewed. Manager 1 (M. 1)| MPH Bookstore| Manager 2 (M. 2)| Signature Kitchen| Manager 3 (M. 3)| Toy R Us| Manager 4 (M. 4)| Kimberly-Clark Malaysia (Kotex)| Manager 5 (M. 5)| MediBiz| Manager 6 (M. 6)| Petronas Gas Berhad| Manager 7 (M. 7)| Skrine| Man ager 8 (M. 8)| SME Bank| Manager 9 (M. 9)| Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad| Manager 10 (M. 0)| Petronas Gas Berhad (KLCC)| Manager 11 (M. 11)| TM Berhad| Manager 12 (M. 12)| Rush Hati SdnBhd| For the first part of the interview, we examined which of the following managers practiced CSR in their respectable organizations. Based on their response, M. 1, M. 4, M. 6, M. 7, M. 8, M. 9, M10, and M. 11 proceeded with a positive feedback while M. 2, M. 3, M. 5, and M. 12 answered otherwise. Question 1: Does your organization practice corporate social responsibility? Table 2: The summary the respective answers from the 12 managers on question 1.Manager 1| Yes| Manager 7| Yes| Manager 2| No| Manager 8| Yes| Manager 3| No| Manager 9| Yes| Manager 4| Yes| Manager 10| Yes| Manager 5| No| Manager 11| Yes| Manager 6| Yes| Manager 12| No| The pattern of this question is that most of the Malaysian companies practice CSR in their organizations. The second question was posed for among the 12 managers who p erformed CSR in their organizations. The question asked was to investigate the motive of their companies in executing CSR, providing with them several choices of answers for this question.M. 1 claimed that the motive of his/her company conducting CSR is solely for the benefit of the society while M. 4 stated a different answer in which the company adopts CSR in order to create a long term value for stakeholders and to build a positive reputation and brand image. M. 5 also gave the same answer on building a positive reputation and branding image. In addition to that, M. 5 also stated other two motives of his/her company executing CSR which is to do the right thing and to contribute to long term sustainable development. Next, M. sincerely admitted that his/her company conducts CSR solely for profit maximization. Subsequently, M. 7 said that the reason of his/her company implementing CSR is to build a positive reputation and brand image while M. 8 claimed that his/her company’s motive is to create long term value for stakeholder. Then, M. 9 chose two answers from the choices which includes building a positive reputation and brand image and to do the right thing. Next, M. 10 claimed that his/her company has five motives in carrying out CSR which are; profit maximization, creating long term value for stakeholders, building a ositive reputation and brand image, doing the right thing, and contributing to long term sustainable development. M. 11 then chose five motives of his/her company conducting CSR which are; profit maximization, creating long term value for stakeholder, building a positive reputation and brand image, doing the right thing and contributing to long term sustainable development. Lastly, M. 12 said that all the choices given by us are relevant motives of conducting CSR. Question 2: What motivates your organization to execute corporate social responsibility?Table 3: The summary the respective answers from the 12 managers on question 2. Manager 1| Solely for the benefit of the society| Manager 2| -| Manager 3| -| Manager 4| To create long term value for stakeholder To build positive reputation and brand image| Manager 5| To build positive reputation and brand image To do the right thingTo contribute to long term sustainable development| Manager 6| Profit maximization| Manager 7| To build positive reputation and brand image| Manager 8| To create long term value for stakeholder|Manager 9| To build positive reputation and brand image to do the right things| Manager 10| To create long term value for stakeholderTo build positive reputation and brand imageTo do the right thingTo contribute to long term sustainable development | Manager 11| Profit maximizationto create long term value for stakeholderTo build positive reputation and brand imageTo do the right thingsTo contribute to long term sustainable development | Manager 12| All Business organizations worldwide would have their own business strategies and their strategies must not get strayed or derailed from their business principles or motives that is financial leverage or pecuniary advantage so all the facts which are given as options are significant for business strategies. |To conclude, building a positive reputation and brand image is the main motive that motivates the companies to implement CSR while there are no companies that conducted CSR to resemble others. Our last question was to examine the managers’ personal views whether CSR should be implemented by all organizations in Malaysia and if yes, why it should be implemented. All the managers agreed that CSR should be implemented by all organizations in Malaysia. Above and beyond, some of the managers gave common views on the reason why CSR should be carried out. M. 1, M. 4, M. 5, M. 6, M. 8, and M. 10 have the same opinion that CSR should be executed for the sake of giving back to the society. Next, M. 2, M. 3, and M. 1 proposed that organizations should conduct CSR in order to gain goo d reputation and brand image. In addition, M. 7 suggested that CSR is a means for major corporations to work together towards a better future for society. Plus, M. 9 gave opinion that CSR should not only be practiced by the organizations that work in line with the Islamic principles but also conventional organizations. Moreover, M. 10 claimed that the concept of CSR is quite similar with the concept of zakat. Next, M. 11 also gave four other relevant reasons; to be a GLC’s CSR, to create long term value for the stakeholders, indirectly boost revenue and to be a par ahead of other corporations. Finally, M. 2 recommended that the act of CSR should be treated as a voluntary action and government plays a significant role in ensuring the prosperity of the public. Question 3: Do you agree that Corporate Social Responsibility should be implemented in all organizations in the country? State your reasons why? Table 4: The summary the respective answers from the 12 managers on question 3. Manager 1| Yes, definitely. It’s every organization’s responsibility to give back to the less fortunate. | Manager 2| Yes, for the good reputation| Manager 3| Yes, for the trust and the good reputation for the company. Customer will have the positive view towards the company. | Manager 4| Yes, because it is every organization’s duty to give back to the society.It is much more than just taking part in a long term relationship with end users but to actually contribute back to its loyal customers. | Manager 5| Yes, because organizations should give back to the society especially for those profit making ones. It also builds a sense of belonging and responsibility towards the people and the environment where the organization is established. | Manager 6| Yes. All organizations should give back to the society especially in the area that they operate. They will then get the support and acceptance of the community around them. | Manager 7| Yes, because all major corp orations must work together towards a better future for the society. | Manager 8| Yes, because it’s good to give back to the society. | Manager 9| Yes.CSR does not only limit itself to organizations that work in line with the teachings of Islam, but to all corporations which include the conventional ones. | Manager 10| In general, yes. Where possible, organization should implement CSR. For all the positive values that it created, is it to the company, employee, and community or to the receiver. CSR is about giving back to the community and contribute to the development of others. Most of organization existences depend on the surrounding community and resources e. g. oil and gas company – base on the local resources, consumers or stakeholders. A better surroundings/resources, either physically or emotionally will contribute in strengthening ones position.In line with the â€Å"Energy Received, Energy Return† value. Spiritually, CSR practices are quite similar to the zakat concept. The more you received, the more you should return. More profit you make, bigger CSR it should be. | Manager 11| Fully Agreed. Reasons as follow: a) To build positive reputation and brand image b) Being GLC’s CSR is part of our culture c) To create long term value for stakeholder d) Indirectly to boost revenue and gain customer support e) To be at par or ahead of other corporate entity| Manager 12| All Yes.Corporate social responsibility must be classified as voluntary any attempt to make it compulsory is inappropriate. The government is to be held the sole responsible for the prosperity of the public citizen of this country. | In short, all the managers agreed that CSR should be implemented into their organization and also into the other organizations worldwide. DISCUSSION Multiple organizations from various kinds of background industries differ from its perspective on the implementation of CSR as its ethical duty towards the community. From the data collec ted, we have studied rigorously the outcome of interviewing 12 managers and were able to identify companies practicing CSR as opposed to non-practicing ones.Based on empirical performance, eight managers stated that its organization successfully conducts CSR (Manager 1, Manager 4, Manager 6, Manager 7, Manager 8, Manager 9, Manager 10, and Manager 11) while the remaining four (Manager 2, Manager 3, Manager 5, and Manager 12) have not had the opportunity to perform beneficial impacts toward the society. Although the results were in favour of CSR practicing organizations, it should be highlighted that these corporations are consisted of major branded companies where as the latter comprised of Small Medium Enterprise (SMEs) corporations. Based on our research, we have discovered that non practicing CSR companies (SME’s) justifies the study conducted by Siwar & Md Tareq (2009).They uphold the theory of SME’s to be underdeveloped and still in the working progress to grasp t he meaning of CSR and of its importance to the society today. Most of the SME’s among Malaysian organizations have no solid plan and structure of performing CSR as companies’ managers are still lacking in consciousness regarding the concept of CSR. On top of that, SME’s are in doubt of how big of an impact can its organization bring to the society as they are not likely to claim themselves as â€Å"corporate† (Holme, 2010). The third and final question posed to all respective managers resulted in a unanimous response that CSR should indeed be restored and carried out in all organizations throughout the country.Among the reasons stated by all following managers, we can part the answers based on two ethical conflicting views; stressing on the importance of giving back to the community for common basic social needs versus CSR motivated organizations’ with uplifting its brand image and reputation. Results illustrate that Manager 1, Manager 4, Manager 5 , Manager 6, Manager 8, and Manager 10 agree that CSR ought to be conducted for the benefit of the society where as Manager 2, Manager 3 and Manager 11 gave answers subjected to the positive aspects of gaining customer’s trust and loyalty when an organization withstands by a good reputation. According to the latter opinion, these managers believe that customer’s brand loyalty by enlarge relies on the ethical activities performed commercially by reputable named major companies.However, the concept of contributing back to the social, economic and environment by ethical responsible corporate management contrasts the view of Friedman (1970), who claims that the only social responsibility held by a certain organization is limited to using the resources efficiently and effectively for profit maximization. Many viewpoints exist in this study, including the conceptualization of the responsibilities of firms by Carroll (1979). Among the four social responsibilities brought forw ard by Carroll (1979), this conceptualization includes the economic responsibility of an organization to generate profits, provide jobs, and create products that consumers want (Galbreath, 2010).Indirectly, this substantiates Friedman’s (1970) theory that an organization’s interest of profit maximization does not necessarily disregard their responsibility as a firm in economic terms. In comparison to corporations which utilizes CSR as a means for gaining economic returns, organizations who are opinionated to provide beneficial impact to the society are at an ethical based level because its CSR activities are solely based on doing the right thing and enhancing the well-being of a society. Relating back to Carroll’s (1979) conceptualization of the responsibilities of firms, placing importance towards the social needs of the community is the ethical responsibility to meet other social expectations, such as respecting people’s moral rights and doing what is r ight and just (Galbreath, 2010).Through our findings, we were able to recognize the evident relationship between the main priorities of the organizations purpose in the performance of CSR and the sole personal views from the managers themselves regarding the influence of CSR in today’s corporate management. We extracted that Manager 4, Manager 5, and Manager 10 shared views that did not entirely coincide with its own corporation’s perspective pertaining to the importance of CSR. They firmly deem CSR to be a social obligation for all organizations in order to contribute back to the society in spite of its own corporate motive which states gaining a positive image and reputation as its main concern.With much relevance to our research, there are ways for us to extend our studies based on an Islamic perspective. In Islam, our actions are judged by our sincere motives (niyyah). It is narrated on the authority of Amirul Mu'minin, Abu Hafs ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyall ahu ‘anhu, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, say: â€Å"Actions are (judged) by motives (niyyah), so each man will have what he intended.. † [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] Based on the hadith, it is compulsory to conduct our daily activities in this world for the sake of Allah S. W. T. which includes our responsibility as a vicegerent in economic terms. CSR is a manifestation of Tawhidic paradigm, serving Allah through our Fardh’ Kifayah obligations.The shahadah shows us the conditions for accepting a deed or performing an action; one, it should be for the sake of Allah because He is the only One we worship, and two, it should be in accordance with the Shariah. Employees with authority in decision making must be honest and sincere as well as ethical in their motives especially when it concerns the well being of others. According to Imam al-Harawi, there are seven types of self-desires, one of which includes seeking the wealth of others. To abstain ourselves from this selfish nafs’, it is in our power to do righteous deeds as the more good deeds we do and hence get closer to Allah, the more sincere we will be. The implementation of CSR in business organizations gives us the chance to ensure that our responsibility as a khalifah in this world is performed in an ethical manner. LimitationWe recognized three limitations throughout the process of conducting this project paper. The first limitation is the number of managers to be interviewed. We intended to interview 15 managers but unfortunately we just managed to interview 12 managers. This is due to the second limitation which is time constraint. The process of searching the contacts of the managers to be interviewed and the procedures of making appointments with major companies’ managers required a lot of time. In addition, we took quite a lot of time to get the response from the managers which we interviewed through email. Lastly, we were limit ed by the poor response from the managers especially from the major companies. Some of them claimed they could not espond to our interview questions because the information is confidential to their company and most of the managers we interviewed through email failed to reply our email. Implications for Practice We propose that the practice of CSR by Malaysian companies should be in line with the CSR policy in which it is supposed to only focus on encouraging the positive impact towards the stakeholders and not for benefits to the company itself. Apart from that, Malaysia as a Muslim country, we recommend the Malaysian companies to revise the Tawhidic Paradigm concept which claims man as a vicegerent. Hence, the companies should treat act of CSR as part of their responsibility as vicegerent.Moreover, there is supposed to be government intervention in order to encourage the practice of CSR by SMEs. Implication for Theory Our study examines the practice of CSR in Malaysian companies. W e come into the theory that most of the Malaysian companies execute CSR because of their concern to contribute back to society and for the sake of their reputation and branding. Plus, this study adds on a new idea on the theory of CSR from the Islamic perspective. In short, CSR is already part of the basic Islamic concept; vicegerency. The foundations of the CSR’s notion from conventional theories came from the values and principles that have been central to Islam since the times of the Holy Prophet Muhammad S. W. T. Future ResearchWe advocate those who desire to do the similar studies to adopt the couple of methods below to conduct this study. * Interview on the managers from each company. * Survey on customers regarding their perspectives on CSR CONCLUSION Our study concerned on business ethics and corporate social responsibility. After pursuing through this study, we discovered mixed views on CSR concept. To conclude, there are generally two basic motives of CSR; ethical m otivation and instrumental motivation. Ethical motivation is to achieve the right thing to do. If the company treats CSR as a voluntary act rather than just a compliance based act and they conduct it for the sake of creating good society, it is considered as ethical motivation.In contrast, companies which consider CSR as an instrumental motivation tend to just to achieve an economic goal. They treat CSR as a means for profit maximization. According to our findings, most of the Malaysian companies take CSR as an instrumental motivation as their core motive in executing CSR to gain good reputation and branding image. Nevertheless, from the views of the managers of the companies, CSR should be done to give back to society. We desire this project paper to end as an article for IIUM journal. REFERENCES Adam, C. , & Zutshi, A. (2004). Corporates Social Responsibility:Why business should act responsible and be accountable.Australia Accounting Review, 14(3), 31-39. Burke, L. , & Logsdon, J. M. (1996). How corporate social responsibility pays off. Long Range Planning, 29(4), 495-502. 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